All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the definition of a population in biology (for data analysis questions)?
Answer: All individuals of one species in the same area at the same time. Defines the group being studied for variation analysis.
Flashcard 2: State the formula for percent frequency from a count and total sample size.
Answer: totalcount×100%. Converts relative frequency to percentage form.
Flashcard 3: Identify whether “blood type (A, B, AB, O)” is quantitative or qualitative data.
Answer: Qualitative (categorical). Blood types are distinct categories without numerical ordering.
Flashcard 4: What is the key effect of increasing sample size on estimates of population variation?
Answer: More reliable estimates; less sampling error. Larger samples better represent the true population characteristics.
Flashcard 5: Calculate allele frequency p if genotype counts are AA=20, Aa=10, aa=0 (N=30).
Answer: p=65. Total A alleles: (2×20)+(1×10)=50; divided by 2×30=60 total alleles.
Flashcard 6: What does “variation within a population” mean in biology?
Answer: Differences in traits among individuals of the same population. Describes individual-to-individual differences in observable traits.
Flashcard 7: Identify the mode of the trait values 3,3,3,5,7,7.
Answer: 3. Value 3 appears most frequently (three times) in the dataset.
Flashcard 8: Calculate allele frequency p if genotype counts are AA=20, Aa=10, aa=0 (N=30).
Answer: p=65. Total A alleles: (2×20)+(1×10)=50; divided by 2×30=60 total alleles.
Flashcard 9: Calculate allele frequency q if genotype counts are AA=20, Aa=10, aa=0 (N=30).
Answer: q=61. Total a alleles: (1×10)=10; divided by 2×30=60 total alleles.
Flashcard 10: What does “variation within a population” mean in biology?
Answer: Differences in traits among individuals of the same population. Describes individual-to-individual differences in observable traits.
Flashcard 11: What is the definition of a population in biology (for data analysis questions)?
Answer: All individuals of one species in the same area at the same time. Defines the group being studied for variation analysis.
Flashcard 12: What is the definition of a quantitative trait in population data?
Answer: A measurable trait with numerical values (often continuous). Can be measured on a scale with meaningful numerical differences.
Flashcard 13: What is the definition of a qualitative (categorical) trait in population data?
Answer: A trait described by categories rather than numerical values. Examples include color, blood type, or presence/absence of features.
Flashcard 14: What is the definition of phenotype when interpreting population variation data?
Answer: Observable trait expression influenced by genes and environment. What you can observe, resulting from genetic and environmental factors.
Flashcard 15: What is the definition of genotype when interpreting population variation data?
Answer: An individual’s allele combination for a gene. The genetic makeup underlying observable traits.
Flashcard 16: What is a frequency in a trait distribution dataset?
Answer: The number of individuals in a category or value range. Raw count of observations in each data group.
Flashcard 17: State the formula for percent frequency from a count and total sample size.
Answer: totalcount×100%. Converts relative frequency to percentage form.
Flashcard 18: What is the definition of the mean for a set of quantitative trait values?
Answer: Average: nsum of values. Measures central tendency by balancing all values equally.
Flashcard 19: What is the definition of the median for quantitative trait data?
Answer: Middle value after ordering (or mean of two middle values). Finds the center value that divides data into equal halves.
Flashcard 20: Using Hardy–Weinberg, find expected recessive homozygote frequency if q=0.2.
Answer: q2=0.04. Hardy-Weinberg recessive homozygote frequency: (0.2)2=0.04.
Flashcard 21: What is the definition of the mode for population trait data?
Answer: Most frequent value or category. Identifies the peak(s) in the data distribution.
Flashcard 22: State the formula for range in a quantitative trait dataset.
Answer: Range =max−min. Measures the total spread from lowest to highest value.
Flashcard 23: What does “standard deviation” describe when analyzing variation in a population?
Answer: Typical distance of values from the mean (spread of data). Quantifies how much individual values deviate from the average.
Flashcard 24: Identify the correct conclusion if a trait histogram is narrow around the mean.
Answer: Low variation (small spread) in the population for that trait. Narrow distribution indicates most individuals have similar trait values.
Flashcard 25: What does variance represent in population trait data?
Answer: Average squared deviation from the mean (spread measure). Standard deviation squared; measures data dispersion around mean.
Flashcard 26: Identify the median of the ordered trait values 1,3,7,9,12.
Answer: 7. The middle value in the ordered set of five numbers.
Flashcard 27: Which measure is most resistant to outliers: mean or median?
Answer: Median. Median uses position, not actual values, so outliers don't affect it.
Flashcard 28: Which measure is most affected by extreme outliers: mean or median?
Answer: Mean. Mean includes all values in calculation, so extremes shift it significantly.
Flashcard 29: Find the range of the trait values 11,4,9,2,8.
Answer: 9. Maximum value (11) minus minimum value (2).
Flashcard 30: What does a histogram show when analyzing variation in a quantitative trait?
Answer: Frequencies of values grouped into intervals (bins). Visualizes the distribution shape and spread of continuous data.