Regulating Carbohydrate Synthesis - Biochemistry

An oxidoreductase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule to the other, usually using ; i.e., it is an enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction. Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds. Hexokinase phosphorylates hexose sugars. Glucose 6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate into a phosphate group and glucose. Aspartate amino-transferase catalyzes the transfer of an amino group between aspartate and glutamate. Lactate dehydrogenase interconverts pyruvate to lactate, and at the same time and .

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the following reaction:

Since it is product inhibited, acetyl-CoA will inhibit the complex.

The process of glycogenesis is when glucose is converted into glycogen. This occurs in the muscle and the liver after food is consumed. Gluconeogenesis is the process where glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate precursors. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. The Krebs cycle does not generate glycogen or glucose, rather it produces high energy electrons to be carried to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

Glyconeogenesis occurs in the hepatic pathway when no glucose is available. The electron transport chain occurs during cellular respiration. Glycolysis is the break down of glucose, not the production of glycogen. The Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle are the same thing, and both are used to produce NADH and ATP.

Fructokinase catalyzes the reaction of fructose converting into fructose-1-phosphate. Glycogenin acts as a primer for glycogen synthesis, by polymerizing the first few molecules of glucose. Glycogen synthase converts glucose to glycogen. Phospholipase hydrolyzes phospholipids.

There are 3 enzymes in glycolysis that carry out irreversible reactions: phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. While phosphatases are used to reverse the reactions for PFK-1 and hexokinase, they are not used in reversing the pyruvate kinase reaction. 2 enzymes are needed to convert pyruvate back into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). First, pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate, and then PEP carboxykinase converts this into PEP.

Glycogen synthase is turned on when unphosphorylated. The enzyme responsible for this is protein phosphatase I. Protein kinase A inactivates glycogen synthase. Low glucose concentration causes a release in glucagon, which activates glycogen phosphorylase and deactivates glycogen synthase.

An oxidoreductase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule to the other, usually using ; i.e., it is an enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction. Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds. Hexokinase phosphorylates hexose sugars. Glucose 6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate into a phosphate group and glucose. Aspartate amino-transferase catalyzes the transfer of an amino group between aspartate and glutamate. Lactate dehydrogenase interconverts pyruvate to lactate, and at the same time and .

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the following reaction:

Since it is product inhibited, acetyl-CoA will inhibit the complex.

The process of glycogenesis is when glucose is converted into glycogen. This occurs in the muscle and the liver after food is consumed. Gluconeogenesis is the process where glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate precursors. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. The Krebs cycle does not generate glycogen or glucose, rather it produces high energy electrons to be carried to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

Glyconeogenesis occurs in the hepatic pathway when no glucose is available. The electron transport chain occurs during cellular respiration. Glycolysis is the break down of glucose, not the production of glycogen. The Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle are the same thing, and both are used to produce NADH and ATP.

Fructokinase catalyzes the reaction of fructose converting into fructose-1-phosphate. Glycogenin acts as a primer for glycogen synthesis, by polymerizing the first few molecules of glucose. Glycogen synthase converts glucose to glycogen. Phospholipase hydrolyzes phospholipids.

There are 3 enzymes in glycolysis that carry out irreversible reactions: phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. While phosphatases are used to reverse the reactions for PFK-1 and hexokinase, they are not used in reversing the pyruvate kinase reaction. 2 enzymes are needed to convert pyruvate back into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). First, pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate, and then PEP carboxykinase converts this into PEP.

Glycogen synthase is turned on when unphosphorylated. The enzyme responsible for this is protein phosphatase I. Protein kinase A inactivates glycogen synthase. Low glucose concentration causes a release in glucagon, which activates glycogen phosphorylase and deactivates glycogen synthase.

An oxidoreductase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule to the other, usually using ; i.e., it is an enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction. Trypsin cleaves peptide bonds. Hexokinase phosphorylates hexose sugars. Glucose 6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate into a phosphate group and glucose. Aspartate amino-transferase catalyzes the transfer of an amino group between aspartate and glutamate. Lactate dehydrogenase interconverts pyruvate to lactate, and at the same time and .

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the following reaction:

Since it is product inhibited, acetyl-CoA will inhibit the complex.

The process of glycogenesis is when glucose is converted into glycogen. This occurs in the muscle and the liver after food is consumed. Gluconeogenesis is the process where glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate precursors. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. The Krebs cycle does not generate glycogen or glucose, rather it produces high energy electrons to be carried to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

Glyconeogenesis occurs in the hepatic pathway when no glucose is available. The electron transport chain occurs during cellular respiration. Glycolysis is the break down of glucose, not the production of glycogen. The Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle are the same thing, and both are used to produce NADH and ATP.

Fructokinase catalyzes the reaction of fructose converting into fructose-1-phosphate. Glycogenin acts as a primer for glycogen synthesis, by polymerizing the first few molecules of glucose. Glycogen synthase converts glucose to glycogen. Phospholipase hydrolyzes phospholipids.