Reactants and Products of the Citric Acid Cycle - Biochemistry

During the conversion of succinate into fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase, a single molecule of is reduced to as it accepts the hydrogens from succinate. then feeds its electrons into the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. After glycolysis, the three-carbon molecule pyruvate is converted into the two-carbon molecule acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). This is carried out by a combination of three enzymes collectively known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA also produces one molecule of . Acetyl-CoA has one less carbon than pyruvate. The third carbon from pyruvate is lost as carbon dioxide () during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Recall that since glucose is a six-carbon molecule, two molecules of pyruvate (three carbons each) are formed via glycolysis.

Pyruvate is produced in the last step of glycolysis, then, it is converted to the two-carbon molecule acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). This is carried out by a combination of three enzymes collectively known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA produces one . Acetyl-CoA has one less carbon than pyruvate. The third carbon of pyruvate is lost as carbon dioxide () during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. The citric acid cycle begins when the four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate combines with acetyl-CoA (a two carbon molecule) via an aldol condensation, yielding the six-carbon molecule citrate.

Succinyl-CoA synthetase performs substrate level phosphorylation at this step in the Krebs cycle, such that .

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA produces onemolecule of NADH, but remember that each glucose yields two pyruvates, so the total NADH from this first step is two. Within the citric acid cycle, there are three steps in which NADH is a byproduct, but again we must remember that each step occurs to two molecules, therefore three NADH byproducts for two molecules yields sixNADH in the cycle proper. Therefore, the total NADH produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle is eight NADH.

Citric acid cycle inputs are derived from glycolysis outputs. Glycolysis produces pyruvate molecules, , and ATP. The pyruvate molecules undergo reactions that convert the three carbon pyruvate to a two carbon acetyl CoA and an one carbon carbon dioxide. The acetyl-CoA molecules are then used as the initial inputs for the citric acid cycle, as they are combined with oxaloacetate. Note that pyruvate itself does not enter the citric acid cycle. and are electron carriers that are produced in the citric acid cycle and are used in electron transport chain to generate ATP.

A glucose (six carbons) molecule enters glycolysis and produces two three carbon molecules (pyruvate). Each pyruvate is broken down into a two carbon acetyl-CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle. Each acetyl-CoA molecule produces three and one in the citric acid cycle. This means that two acetyl-CoA (derived from one glucose molecule) produces six and two molecules in the citric acid cycle.

Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that are involved in the production of the necessary molecules for electron transport chain. The cycle starts with a two carbon molecule (acetyl-CoA) binding to a four carbon molecule (oxaloacetate). This creates a six carbon molecule (citrate) that can go through a series of reactions. Most of these reactions involve a six carbon molecule. As mentioned, acetyl-CoA has two carbons; therefore, most of the intermediates in this cycle have six carbons, or four more carbons than acetyl-CoA. One turn of citric acid cycle produces , , (carbon dioxide) and one GTP molecule(s).

The first step in the citric acid cycle is for acetyl-CoA to react with oxaloacetate. This forms citrate, which then continues through the cycle, ultimately reforming the oxaloacetate molecule to redo the cycle.

The Krebs cycle produces the most high energy electron carriers of any process involved in cellular respiration. Per glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle produces and .

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Carbon dioxide is released during this reaction, and in addition to this, is reduced to .

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is preparing pyruvate for the Krebs cycle by converting it to acetyl-CoA. Because the Krebs cycle functions within the mitochondrial matrix, the PDC is also taking place there. This ensures quick and easy movement from the PDC into the Krebs cycle.

Ubiquinone is a part of the electron transport chain, and has little to do with the Krebs cycle. Glucose is broken down during glycolysis, and does not enter the Krebs cycle directly. Many students make the mistake of thinking that pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle, since it is produced in glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle follows glycolysis. However, pyruvate is first converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondrial matrix, and acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase activation leads to oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate in a two step process producing alpha-ketoglutarate and . In the mitochondria, the reaction produces also a charged electron carrier molecule, , from . Isocitrate dehydrogenase, inhibited by and activated by , is a major regulator enzyme of the citric cycle.

The only step of the citric acid cycle listed that results in the production of as a side product is the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate. In this step, the enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, while also converting to and as side products, and generating a molecule of in the process (i.e. reducing the carbon count from 5 in isocitrate to 4 in alpha-ketoglutarate).

The conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA also produces a molecule of as a side product. However, this step is not listed as an answer choice.

None of the other answer choices listed produce as side products.

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is not produced by the citric acid cycle. This flavin coenzyme is a reactant, but not a product, since FMN will get reduced to FMNH2.

The rest of the answer choices are products of the citric acid cycle (otherwise known as the Krebs cycle).

During the conversion of succinate into fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase, a single molecule of is reduced to as it accepts the hydrogens from succinate. then feeds its electrons into the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. After glycolysis, the three-carbon molecule pyruvate is converted into the two-carbon molecule acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). This is carried out by a combination of three enzymes collectively known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA also produces one molecule of . Acetyl-CoA has one less carbon than pyruvate. The third carbon from pyruvate is lost as carbon dioxide () during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Recall that since glucose is a six-carbon molecule, two molecules of pyruvate (three carbons each) are formed via glycolysis.

Pyruvate is produced in the last step of glycolysis, then, it is converted to the two-carbon molecule acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). This is carried out by a combination of three enzymes collectively known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA produces one . Acetyl-CoA has one less carbon than pyruvate. The third carbon of pyruvate is lost as carbon dioxide () during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. The citric acid cycle begins when the four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate combines with acetyl-CoA (a two carbon molecule) via an aldol condensation, yielding the six-carbon molecule citrate.