The following delegates were present at the Congress of Vienna: Prince Metternich, representing Austria; Tsar Alexander I, representing Russia; French foreign minister Charles Talleyrand; Prince Karl von Hardenberg, representing Prussia; and British foreign secretary Viscount Castlereagh.

During the 1860s and 1870s, the modern nations of Italy and Germany were established from a historical patchwork of polities, kingdoms, and states. Ethno-nationalism was a large factor in driving the creation of both of these states.

The Great Purge was a series of mass murders of people considered by Joseph Stalin to be threats to his power. The purges eliminated much of the leadership of the Communist Party, as well as many leading military figures. Nikolai Bukharin, a Politburo opponent of Stalin's prior to Stalin's rise to power, was executed in 1938. Mikhail Tukhachevsky was the Marshall General of the Soviet Army until his imprisonment and execution in 1937. Gregory Zinoviev was another member of the Politburo who was executed in 1936.

The Congress of Vienna was held in 1815, shortly after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to try and establish a post-war order in Europe that would preserve peace and address the issues of liberalism and republicanism raised by the French Revolution.

The Congress of Vienna was held in 1815, shortly after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The primary goals of the Congress of Vienna were to restore the balance of power in Europe; and to limit the growth of nationalism and republicanism. The French Revolution was viewed as particularly troublesome by the conservative factions in attendance at the Congress of Vienna. The Bourbon monarchy was restored to the throne in France in one of many attempts to prevent the spread of republicanism and nationalism around the autocratic empires of Europe.