Science and Technology 600 CE to 1450 - AP World History: Modern
Card 1 of 176
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire much of Europe's knowledge was destroyed; for example, domed buildings weren't built again until .
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire much of Europe's knowledge was destroyed; for example, domed buildings weren't built again until .
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The first domed building to be built in Europe since the collapse of the Roman Empire was the Florence Cathedral, built by Filippo Brunelleschi during the Italian Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance was a period of rediscovery for European intellectuals, including ancient architectural techniques. The Age of Sail, in which millions of Europeans migrated to the Americas, Cortez's invasion of Mesoamerica, the unification of Germany, and William the Conquerors invasion of Britain had dramatic effects on Europeans and their knowledge of the world, but did not lead to the ability to build domed structures.
The first domed building to be built in Europe since the collapse of the Roman Empire was the Florence Cathedral, built by Filippo Brunelleschi during the Italian Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance was a period of rediscovery for European intellectuals, including ancient architectural techniques. The Age of Sail, in which millions of Europeans migrated to the Americas, Cortez's invasion of Mesoamerica, the unification of Germany, and William the Conquerors invasion of Britain had dramatic effects on Europeans and their knowledge of the world, but did not lead to the ability to build domed structures.
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Gunpowder was invented in .
Gunpowder was invented in .
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Gunpowder was invented in China.
Within a few hundred years it had spread all the way through Asia, including India and the Middle East.
When European nations invaded, conquered, and colonized the Americas, gunpowder was a staple of their arsenal.
Gunpowder was invented in China.
Within a few hundred years it had spread all the way through Asia, including India and the Middle East.
When European nations invaded, conquered, and colonized the Americas, gunpowder was a staple of their arsenal.
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Although precise definitions are sometimes difficult to assign, in general, hand cannons differ from arquebuses and muskets because they typically .
Although precise definitions are sometimes difficult to assign, in general, hand cannons differ from arquebuses and muskets because they typically .
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Hand cannons are the earliest types of handheld firearms and tend to lack both triggers and stocks; a burning torch would be applied, often by a different person than the one holding the cannon, to a hole bored in the cannon and lined with powder leading down into the barrel of the weapon where packed powder was ignited, pushing forward a projectile with enormous speed. Although over centuries, and from workshops as diverse as Medieval Switzerland, Sinkoku Japan, and Lincoln's United States, arquebuses and muskets were constructed with different attributes, in general all arquebuses and muskets have trigger mechanisms.
Wet gunpowder won't light, regardless the weapon system.
Hand cannons could be held by a single person.
Hand cannon technology was used all over the world, including but not limited to the Middle East and Europe.
Percussion cap technology occurred at the end of muskets being used by professional armies, long after hand cannons and arquebuses became obsolete.
Hand cannons are the earliest types of handheld firearms and tend to lack both triggers and stocks; a burning torch would be applied, often by a different person than the one holding the cannon, to a hole bored in the cannon and lined with powder leading down into the barrel of the weapon where packed powder was ignited, pushing forward a projectile with enormous speed. Although over centuries, and from workshops as diverse as Medieval Switzerland, Sinkoku Japan, and Lincoln's United States, arquebuses and muskets were constructed with different attributes, in general all arquebuses and muskets have trigger mechanisms.
Wet gunpowder won't light, regardless the weapon system.
Hand cannons could be held by a single person.
Hand cannon technology was used all over the world, including but not limited to the Middle East and Europe.
Percussion cap technology occurred at the end of muskets being used by professional armies, long after hand cannons and arquebuses became obsolete.
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By the 15th century, European armies .
By the 15th century, European armies .
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In the 15th century, firearms were used on many medieval battlefields, but only by a small proportion of troops because they were expensive, ineffective, and potentially dangerous to the user; bows and crossbows existed alongside firearms for centuries.
Firearms numbers decreased as the technology became more lethal.
Firearm usage was never a monarch's personal prerogative.
In the 15th century, firearms were used on many medieval battlefields, but only by a small proportion of troops because they were expensive, ineffective, and potentially dangerous to the user; bows and crossbows existed alongside firearms for centuries.
Firearms numbers decreased as the technology became more lethal.
Firearm usage was never a monarch's personal prerogative.
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Milanese plate armor was so well-crafted that by the 15th century .
Milanese plate armor was so well-crafted that by the 15th century .
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Milanese armor workshops were so successful that for generations most European armor was heavily influenced by Milanese designs.
Milan's power waxed and waned throughout the middle ages, but it never conquered a large territory and declared a Milanese empire.
Militarily, the Turks were in a period of strength and expansion during this period, conquering Constantinople; they were not threatened by tiny Milan.
The royal houses of Europe desired Milanese armor and armor designed in that style, they did not band together to destroy the source of such advancements.
Most firearms of the period could not pierce plate armor, in fact the final test for all professionally made plate armor was for it to be shot at within close range to prove to a customer that firearms couldn't penetrate. Mounted knights in full plate armor were threatened by firearms, however, because their horses could be shot out from under them.
Milanese armor workshops were so successful that for generations most European armor was heavily influenced by Milanese designs.
Milan's power waxed and waned throughout the middle ages, but it never conquered a large territory and declared a Milanese empire.
Militarily, the Turks were in a period of strength and expansion during this period, conquering Constantinople; they were not threatened by tiny Milan.
The royal houses of Europe desired Milanese armor and armor designed in that style, they did not band together to destroy the source of such advancements.
Most firearms of the period could not pierce plate armor, in fact the final test for all professionally made plate armor was for it to be shot at within close range to prove to a customer that firearms couldn't penetrate. Mounted knights in full plate armor were threatened by firearms, however, because their horses could be shot out from under them.
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Select the most popular reason for the spread of the Black Death, according to most Europeans at the time.
Select the most popular reason for the spread of the Black Death, according to most Europeans at the time.
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Due to the era’s complete and total lack of anything approaching modern medical knowledge, the majority of Europeans, from nobles and the clergy down to shopkeepers, merchants, and peasants, had no factual idea about the plague’s true cause. Even worse, this lack of understanding extended to the ways in which the disease was spread; even physicians, who lacked knowledge of germs or proper hygiene, could only guess as to how the plague was transferred from person to person. This vast state of confusion only compounded Europe’s fear and panic over the rising sick rate and death toll, as one by one, large population centers found themselves transformed into hotbeds of illness. Desperately seeking any sort of explanation for the disease’s devastation, many people turned to superstitions, extreme religious beliefs, ethnic discrimination, or misguided scientific notions about the natural environment. By far the most popular explanation was that of nameless toxins in the atmosphere – most Europeans believed that unhealthy air was somehow to blame for the plague’s swift spread, although speculation as to the exact makeup of these airborne toxins was varied and essentially baseless. Other individuals blamed earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, which they saw as natural incubators of sickness and disease. Still others turned to religion, speaking out against immorality (such as sexual promiscuity, poor church attendance, and greed) as the instigating factor which had caused God to send down the Black Death as punishment. Due to a pervasive cultural tide of anti-Semitism, many people targeted Jewish citizens as spreaders of the disease as well, but this persecution was more general in nature, and not as particular in its nature as the answer option provided, it was also not as widespread a notion, particular to the plague, as the correct answer option provided.
Due to the era’s complete and total lack of anything approaching modern medical knowledge, the majority of Europeans, from nobles and the clergy down to shopkeepers, merchants, and peasants, had no factual idea about the plague’s true cause. Even worse, this lack of understanding extended to the ways in which the disease was spread; even physicians, who lacked knowledge of germs or proper hygiene, could only guess as to how the plague was transferred from person to person. This vast state of confusion only compounded Europe’s fear and panic over the rising sick rate and death toll, as one by one, large population centers found themselves transformed into hotbeds of illness. Desperately seeking any sort of explanation for the disease’s devastation, many people turned to superstitions, extreme religious beliefs, ethnic discrimination, or misguided scientific notions about the natural environment. By far the most popular explanation was that of nameless toxins in the atmosphere – most Europeans believed that unhealthy air was somehow to blame for the plague’s swift spread, although speculation as to the exact makeup of these airborne toxins was varied and essentially baseless. Other individuals blamed earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, which they saw as natural incubators of sickness and disease. Still others turned to religion, speaking out against immorality (such as sexual promiscuity, poor church attendance, and greed) as the instigating factor which had caused God to send down the Black Death as punishment. Due to a pervasive cultural tide of anti-Semitism, many people targeted Jewish citizens as spreaders of the disease as well, but this persecution was more general in nature, and not as particular in its nature as the answer option provided, it was also not as widespread a notion, particular to the plague, as the correct answer option provided.
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Porcelain emerged in which of these regions?
Porcelain emerged in which of these regions?
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Porcelain first emerged in China during the Han Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty it was an extremely valuable commodity used to trade with Arab traders. By the time of the Ming Dynasty Chinese porcelain was being exported to Europe where it was extremely valuable.
Porcelain first emerged in China during the Han Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty it was an extremely valuable commodity used to trade with Arab traders. By the time of the Ming Dynasty Chinese porcelain was being exported to Europe where it was extremely valuable.
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Junks, were .
Junks, were .
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Junks are sailing ships that were first invented in China during the classical period. Junks came to be popular during the productive years of the Song Dynasty and were used extensively for Chinese voyages in southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean.
Junks are sailing ships that were first invented in China during the classical period. Junks came to be popular during the productive years of the Song Dynasty and were used extensively for Chinese voyages in southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean.
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Moveable type and printing were both invented in .
Moveable type and printing were both invented in .
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Moveable type and printing were both invented first in China. Moveable type allows for the mass production of documents and was first invented in China in the eleventh century, during the Song Dynasty.
Moveable type and printing were both invented first in China. Moveable type allows for the mass production of documents and was first invented in China in the eleventh century, during the Song Dynasty.
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Gunpowder was invented in .
Gunpowder was invented in .
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Gunpowder was invented in China in the ninth or tenth century. The discovery of gunpowder led to the invention of fireworks and to the invention of firearms. Eventually gunpowder would transform the military and societies of almost everywhere in the world.
Gunpowder was invented in China in the ninth or tenth century. The discovery of gunpowder led to the invention of fireworks and to the invention of firearms. Eventually gunpowder would transform the military and societies of almost everywhere in the world.
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What is a dhow?
What is a dhow?
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A dhow is a traditional sailing vessel which employs lanteen sails. Dhows were (and are) common trading vessels used by Arab and Indian traders in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean.
A dhow is a traditional sailing vessel which employs lanteen sails. Dhows were (and are) common trading vessels used by Arab and Indian traders in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean.
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In what century was gunpowder first introduced to Europe?
In what century was gunpowder first introduced to Europe?
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Gunpowder was invented in China in the ninth or tenth centuries, during the Song Dynasty, and was first introduced to Europe by the thirteenth century. Most historians believe that gunpowder was introduced to the Europeans by the forces of the Mongol empire at some point in the mid-thirteenth century. Gunpowder, and the introduction of firearm technology, would transform European society.
Gunpowder was invented in China in the ninth or tenth centuries, during the Song Dynasty, and was first introduced to Europe by the thirteenth century. Most historians believe that gunpowder was introduced to the Europeans by the forces of the Mongol empire at some point in the mid-thirteenth century. Gunpowder, and the introduction of firearm technology, would transform European society.
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What are madrasas?
What are madrasas?
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A Madrasa is a university, college, or other educational institution in the Islamic world. Often times Madrasas might involve solely religious education, other times they might involve a varied and secular curriculum. Madrasas were established throughout the Middle East and North Africa during the height of Islamic power and cultural influence in the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries.
A Madrasa is a university, college, or other educational institution in the Islamic world. Often times Madrasas might involve solely religious education, other times they might involve a varied and secular curriculum. Madrasas were established throughout the Middle East and North Africa during the height of Islamic power and cultural influence in the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries.
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When did universities first appear in European society?
When did universities first appear in European society?
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The first universities appeared in European society in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, during the High Middle Ages. The universities of Bologna, Paris, and Oxford are three of the earliest known universities in European history.
The first universities appeared in European society in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, during the High Middle Ages. The universities of Bologna, Paris, and Oxford are three of the earliest known universities in European history.
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Muhammad al-Khwarizmi is most notable for .
Muhammad al-Khwarizmi is most notable for .
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Muhammad al-Khwarizmi is most notable for his contributions to the development of algebra. He lived in the eighth and ninth centuries, during the Islamic Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate. Along with the ancient Greek, Diophantus, he is often credited as “the founder of algebra.”
Muhammad al-Khwarizmi is most notable for his contributions to the development of algebra. He lived in the eighth and ninth centuries, during the Islamic Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate. Along with the ancient Greek, Diophantus, he is often credited as “the founder of algebra.”
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Ibn Sina is most notable for .
Ibn Sina is most notable for .
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Ibn Sina, sometimes also called Avicenna, lived during the Islamic Golden Age of the tenth and eleventh centuries. He is most notable for his contributions to medicine and philosophy, particularly for authoring The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, which were widely influential in Arab and European society for several centuries.
Ibn Sina, sometimes also called Avicenna, lived during the Islamic Golden Age of the tenth and eleventh centuries. He is most notable for his contributions to medicine and philosophy, particularly for authoring The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, which were widely influential in Arab and European society for several centuries.
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After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire much of Europe's knowledge was destroyed; for example, domed buildings weren't built again until .
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire much of Europe's knowledge was destroyed; for example, domed buildings weren't built again until .
Tap to reveal answer
The first domed building to be built in Europe since the collapse of the Roman Empire was the Florence Cathedral, built by Filippo Brunelleschi during the Italian Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance was a period of rediscovery for European intellectuals, including ancient architectural techniques. The Age of Sail, in which millions of Europeans migrated to the Americas, Cortez's invasion of Mesoamerica, the unification of Germany, and William the Conquerors invasion of Britain had dramatic effects on Europeans and their knowledge of the world, but did not lead to the ability to build domed structures.
The first domed building to be built in Europe since the collapse of the Roman Empire was the Florence Cathedral, built by Filippo Brunelleschi during the Italian Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance was a period of rediscovery for European intellectuals, including ancient architectural techniques. The Age of Sail, in which millions of Europeans migrated to the Americas, Cortez's invasion of Mesoamerica, the unification of Germany, and William the Conquerors invasion of Britain had dramatic effects on Europeans and their knowledge of the world, but did not lead to the ability to build domed structures.
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Gunpowder was invented in .
Gunpowder was invented in .
Tap to reveal answer
Gunpowder was invented in China.
Within a few hundred years it had spread all the way through Asia, including India and the Middle East.
When European nations invaded, conquered, and colonized the Americas, gunpowder was a staple of their arsenal.
Gunpowder was invented in China.
Within a few hundred years it had spread all the way through Asia, including India and the Middle East.
When European nations invaded, conquered, and colonized the Americas, gunpowder was a staple of their arsenal.
← Didn't Know|Knew It →
Although precise definitions are sometimes difficult to assign, in general, hand cannons differ from arquebuses and muskets because they typically .
Although precise definitions are sometimes difficult to assign, in general, hand cannons differ from arquebuses and muskets because they typically .
Tap to reveal answer
Hand cannons are the earliest types of handheld firearms and tend to lack both triggers and stocks; a burning torch would be applied, often by a different person than the one holding the cannon, to a hole bored in the cannon and lined with powder leading down into the barrel of the weapon where packed powder was ignited, pushing forward a projectile with enormous speed. Although over centuries, and from workshops as diverse as Medieval Switzerland, Sinkoku Japan, and Lincoln's United States, arquebuses and muskets were constructed with different attributes, in general all arquebuses and muskets have trigger mechanisms.
Wet gunpowder won't light, regardless the weapon system.
Hand cannons could be held by a single person.
Hand cannon technology was used all over the world, including but not limited to the Middle East and Europe.
Percussion cap technology occurred at the end of muskets being used by professional armies, long after hand cannons and arquebuses became obsolete.
Hand cannons are the earliest types of handheld firearms and tend to lack both triggers and stocks; a burning torch would be applied, often by a different person than the one holding the cannon, to a hole bored in the cannon and lined with powder leading down into the barrel of the weapon where packed powder was ignited, pushing forward a projectile with enormous speed. Although over centuries, and from workshops as diverse as Medieval Switzerland, Sinkoku Japan, and Lincoln's United States, arquebuses and muskets were constructed with different attributes, in general all arquebuses and muskets have trigger mechanisms.
Wet gunpowder won't light, regardless the weapon system.
Hand cannons could be held by a single person.
Hand cannon technology was used all over the world, including but not limited to the Middle East and Europe.
Percussion cap technology occurred at the end of muskets being used by professional armies, long after hand cannons and arquebuses became obsolete.
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By the 15th century, European armies .
By the 15th century, European armies .
Tap to reveal answer
In the 15th century, firearms were used on many medieval battlefields, but only by a small proportion of troops because they were expensive, ineffective, and potentially dangerous to the user; bows and crossbows existed alongside firearms for centuries.
Firearms numbers decreased as the technology became more lethal.
Firearm usage was never a monarch's personal prerogative.
In the 15th century, firearms were used on many medieval battlefields, but only by a small proportion of troops because they were expensive, ineffective, and potentially dangerous to the user; bows and crossbows existed alongside firearms for centuries.
Firearms numbers decreased as the technology became more lethal.
Firearm usage was never a monarch's personal prerogative.
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