Regional and Global Groups and Organizations 1900 to Present - AP World History: Modern

Mao did not want China to be a satellite state under Moscow's tutelage; the Sino-Soviet split ensured Chinese independence.

Titoism was the Communist ideology named after Josip Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia, who broke away from Moscow's suzerainty, setting the example for Chinese independence, but not directly part of the process.

Watergate was a political scandal that resulted in President Richard Nixon leaving office. Nixon's administration opened relations with mainland China, but Watergate was an internal American issue that had nothing to do Chinese-Soviet relations.

The Great Leap Forward was a massive reorganizing of the Chinese economy that attempted to industrialize China. It had an effect on China's ability to be independent of the Soviet Union, but was more of an internal policy than external rebalancing of power.

The Cultural Revolution was a Maoist attempt at destroying Mao's perceived enemies within China; it was an internal Chinese policy and was not the process by which China attained independence from the Soviet Union.

Qatar has a ratio of men to women that is higher than 2-to-1. The number one reason for this is business—particularly, the oil industry that brings in migrant workers from all over, mostly male. Between 2011 and 2012, about 75% of the population consisted of migrants from other Middle Eastern countries.

The Federal Supreme Council is the United Arab Emirate's highest governing authority. The Federal Supreme Council deals mostly with foreign affairs, while each of the seven emirates deals with its own internal affairs individually. The UAE has a Constitution that is a little more than four decades old, but the distribution of powers between the federation and each emirate is not clearly defined.

The Federal Supreme Council can not only create but also impose laws. All three branches of government—judiciary, legislative, and executive—are headed by the Federal Supreme Council.

Saudi Arabia is an authoritarian, absolute monarchy. The king in Saudi Arabia is the source of all legislative, executive, and judicial power. He is the ultimate decision maker; the royal family is vested with power.

Political parties are outlawed due to the monarchy's control of government. The throne is not granted by election, but ascension (a prince becoming king).

The Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1922 after World War I, and Turkey was recognized as a republic a year later. The Ottomans are regarded as one of the great empires, arguably peaking in the 1400s with the capturing of the Byzantine empire's capital Constantinople. Turkey established a new Constitution in 1924 and several steps towards secularizing the country were taken.

The United Nations was created on June 26, 1945, in the aftermath of World War II. In its charter it was designed as a bulwark against further global conflict by creating a space of open dialogue between nations. In its founding there were 53 member nations and today that number has grown to 193. Additionally, within the United Nations there are six major components, the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the United Nations Trusteeship Council.

Although the Western Powers and Japan opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian, one by one they decided to establish relations with the Soviet Union once the Bolshevik victory became clear. Some countries, such as Great Britain, hoped to improve trade with the Soviet Union, while others, such as Germany, established diplomatic relations because they shared mutual resentment of the victorious allies with the Soviet Union. Most countries established relations with the Soviet Union in the 1920s. The United States was an exception, since it did not recognize the Soviet government until 1933. The delay in recognition was partially due to the strong anti-communist movement in the United States, and partially due to Russia's relative unimportance to America as a trade partner.

Israel was reinstated in 1948, shortly after the end of World War II, especially after the need for an independent state for Jews was highlighted by the Holocaust.

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points were issued in the wake of the First World War and were designed to ensure global peace and prosperity and prevent the outbreak of future global conflicts. His Fourteen Points included all of the aforementioned except the creation of the European Union, which was an idea that emerged in the wake of the atrocities of the Second World War.

The Treaty of Versailles included all of the aforementioned provisions except that Italy took control of the Tyrol from Austria rather than from Germany. The modern-day Tyrol continues to be partially a part of Italy and partially a state in Austria.

The Paris Peace Accords took place following the end of the First World War and led to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. The primary goal of the British and French delegates at the Paris Peace Accords was to ensure that the defeated Germans accepted all moral and financial responsibility for the conflict. This directly led to economic depression in Germany and indirectly led to the rise of Nazism and Adolf Hitler.

The League of Nations failed for a number of reasons - not least of all the refusal of the United States’ Congress to participate. But, the biggest reason why the League of Nations failed is that it had no army of its own and could therefore not enforce any of its ultimatums or sanctions. This meant that when a country contravened the rules of the League there were absolutely no consequences.

The United States played no role in the League of Nations. Although the League was the brainchild of American President Woodrow Wilson, Congress refused to ratify the treaty, which would have led to American participation.

The 1938 Munich Conference is notable for the failed attempts at appeasing Hitler by British politician Neville Chamberlain. Hitler’s expansionist ambitions had long been known by the British and French, but it was hoped, by agreeing to his less troublesome demands, war could be averted. History has widely condemned Chamberlain for his policy of appeasement.

Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933 following the latter’s condemnation of the Japanese invasion and occupation of Manchuria.

The Truman Doctrine was first directed towards preventing the spread of communism in Greece and Turkey in 1948. It involved significant financial aid being given to these two countries by the United States’ government.

The League of Nations was the brainchild of American President Woodrow Wilson, yet the United States never joined the League. This is because Congress failed to ratify the treaty which would have led to America’s participation. Lack of American involvement is one of the many reasons why the League of Nations would ultimately prove so ineffective.

The Treaty of Versailles brought to an end the hostilities of World War One. The treaty is often condemned for seeking to punish the Germans too heavily and indirectly leading to the outbreak of World War Two. It did, however, establish the League of Nations.

The European Economic Community was founded in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome. It may be understood as one of a few precursor organizations to the later European Union. All of these countries were founding members except Great Britain.