Subliminal perceptions are those that involve stimuli occurring too weakly or quickly to be recognized consciously. When these were first discovered, there was much excitement and concern over the potential applications of non-conscious perceptions to the field of advertising. Although many subliminal ads were created and tested, it has since become apparent that they are largely ineffective. Although subliminal perceptions can alter behavior in laboratory settings, they fail to have a significant impact on human behavior—especially in the area of complex decision making that interested marketers. Subliminal perceptions also fail to produce significant changes in emotions, and—if anything—have a weak or negligible effect at best.

Noam Chomsky proposed that we all are born with a "language acquisition device" in our minds, which gives us universal principles of human language. We learn our language's own "settings" for human communication according to these universal principles. For instance, if all human language has temporal tenses, we learn how our particular language expresses tense. Although the behaviorists believe we only learn language through our environment, Chomsky pointed out that we learn language very quickly through processes that appear similar to the human species, regardless of environment.

Throughout human history, people have utilized naturally occurring substances to reach altered states of consciousness. These substances range widely among the categorizations that modern Western science has created, including stimulants (e.g. coffee), depressants (e.g. wine), and hallucinogens (e.g. certain mushrooms). Generally, drug addiction and abuse has only become a problem with the advent and manipulation of synthetic drugs, along with social changes and stresses.

Object permanence is the understanding that even though an object has disappeared from view, that disappearance is probably temporary: the object has not disappeared totally from existence. Infants do not achieve this understanding until around eight months of age. Because of this, the baby girl likely believes her father no longer exists when he disappears from view, which is upsetting.

Transference is when a patient reacts to the analyst as if they were an important person in the patient's life. The patient develops an emotional attachment to the analyst. The opposite, when an analyst develops feeling of personal attachment or significance towards a patient, is called countertransference.

"Subliminal" is defined as "beneath the threshold" and it refers to information which is processed without entering into consciousness. Such information has been demonstrated to impact decision making in laboratory conditions, but failed to provide a significant enough influence to justify its use in advertising or politics. This allayed the concerns over a possible "brainwashing" of the public by the media which arose when this phenomenon was discovered.

Though in Freudian terminology the subconsciousness is described as a component of mental life which is inaccessible to regular consciousness, "unconsciousness" does not match this or the correct answer to the question. Finally, subliminal information is not "paranormal," or outside of the natural laws of physics, in any regard, and neither is it "subtypical", which is in fact, not a word at all.

Myelin is a fatty substance produced by glial cells which encases some neurons and serves to insulate them, allowing electrical signals to transmit more quickly along them. Myelin cannot protect the neurons from radiation damage, or from attack by pathogens. Glial cells in the brain form myelin, and contribute to the nourishment and support of nerve cells; however, myelin itself does not serve this function. When myelin deteriorates, nerve transmission can be impaired, as in the case of multiple sclerosis.

Our brains use the differences in the location of an object on our retinas in order to judge their relative distance from one another. This requires two eyes, and thus is binocular. The other cues listed require only one eye (monocular).

Erik Erikson was a theorist who believed that each stage of life had its own task to overcome. Erickson’s psychosocial stages included the following: infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. He assigned each stage with an approximate age range. In the preschool stage (from about 3 to 6 years of age), Erikson believed people needed to resolve issues associated with initiative versus guilt. He hypothesized that children at this stage will learn to either take the initiative to start and carry out tasks or that they will feel guilty about their attempts to be independent. The other provided options are stages in Erikson's stages of psychosocial development; however, they each have their own tasks (i.e. trust versus mistrust or autonomy versus shame and doubt) and are incorrect.

Myelin is a fatty substance produced by glial cells which encases some neurons and serves to insulate them, allowing electrical signals to transmit more quickly along them. Myelin cannot protect the neurons from radiation damage, or from attack by pathogens. Glial cells in the brain form myelin, and contribute to the nourishment and support of nerve cells; however, myelin itself does not serve this function. When myelin deteriorates, nerve transmission can be impaired, as in the case of multiple sclerosis.