Ingroup bias, also known as ingroup favoritism, refers to a pattern of favoring members of one's ingroup over outgroup members. In the example above, Jaymes belongs to the baseball playing ingroup; therefore, he values the opinions of baseball players (i.e. the ingroup) versus other athletes (i.e. the outgroup).

Each factor listed introduces the possibility of harm to a potential actor, be it a minor inconvenience or a greater physical threat, making them more reluctant to aid someone else.

Groupthink is the result of a group's desire to reach harmony and consensus that often results in poor decision-making in group settings. While group cohesiveness (i.e. the bond between members of a given group) plays a role in groupthink, it is not necessary for groupthink to occur.

Even though many participants felt that they were causing a great deal of pain to the person that they were shocking, they continued to use higher voltage simply because the test administrater told them to. This experiment demonstrated the power that presumed authority has over people's actions and decisions.

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon that people are less likely to intervene in emergency situations when a group of people are present. This finding is attributed to diffusion of responsibility, where people feel less responsible in groups than when they are alone. Cognitive dissonance refers to a person's attempt to resolve the discomfort experienced by holding contradictory beliefs. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to make internal attributions for other people's behaviors rather than look at the situation. Social loafing occurs when people put in less effort when working in groups rather than when working alone. They often feel that their minimal contributions will not be noticed. On the other hand, social facilitation refers to the tendency of people to perform better when in the presence of others.

Because joining a cult often requires a dramatic shift in one's behavior and philosophies, people who are reluctant to disrupt their own status quo are less likely to join a cult, no matter how enticing their recruiters' promises may be.

Social loafing is a phenomenon whereby some people exert less effort when working in groups as opposed to when they are working individually. Obviously, the option describing Johnny doing exactly that is the best answer.

The bystander effect reviews to the negative correlation between number of individuals witnessing a negative event and likelihood of any of these individuals to help the struggling person. That is, the more people that witness a crime, the less likely any one individual is to offer help to the victim. This is thought to be due to diffusion of responsibility—a social phenomenon in which people feel less responsibility for the action (or inaction) of a group when the group itself is larger (e.g. a student feeling less guilt when she joins in on mocking the teacher when the whole class is doing it, versus when she initiates the mocking and is the only one doing it).

Deindividuation is the process whereby individuals show a loss of restraint and individuality due to their being in a group. Having personal ties to a victimized party would decrease deindividuation, while all of the other answer choices facilitate "losing" oneself to a larger group identity.

Asch told participants that they would be participating in a study on visual perception. Little did the participants know, two of their peers were not fellow participants but confederates. The group was asked to determine which line on a card best matched the line on another card. On the first question, the confederates stated the correct answer, but on the second, they both stated an answer that was clearly incorrect. In this experiment, more than two-thirds of participants conformed to the wrong answer stated by the confederates. Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to put in less effort when working together with a group. Stereotypes are negative, positive, or neutral judgments about others based on their membership to a certain social group.