Storing Memories - AP Psychology

Working memory is a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information. Active system that processes information for cognitive tasks.

Explicit memory is conscious recall, implicit is unconscious. Distinction between intentional and automatic memory processes.

The serial position effect describes better recall of first and last items. Demonstrates primacy and recency effects in memory.

Sensory memory temporarily holds sensory information. Brief storage of sensory input before processing.

Chunking is grouping information into units to improve memory. Strategy that increases memory capacity through organization.

This is referred to as decay. Natural weakening of memory traces over time.

Episodic memory is the recall of personal experiences and events. Type of explicit memory for personal life events.

Episodic memory involves conscious recollection of past experiences. Autobiographical memory requiring conscious awareness and effort.

Dual coding theory involves verbal and visual information storage. Theory proposing two separate memory systems for different information types.

Working memory is a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information. Active system that processes information for cognitive tasks.

This is known as the von Restorff effect. Isolation effect where distinctive items are better remembered.

The spacing effect enhances retention by spreading learning over time. Distributed practice improves long-term retention.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model describes three stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Classic model showing memory flow through distinct stages.

The phonological loop processes verbal and auditory information. Component of working memory for language-based information.

Retroactive interference is when new information disrupts old information retrieval. Recent learning interferes with recall of older information.

Priming is exposure to a stimulus influencing response to another stimulus. Previous exposure facilitates processing of related stimuli.

Working memory involves temporary holding and manipulation of information. Active processing system beyond simple storage.

The central executive directs attention and coordinates cognitive tasks. Controls attention and coordinates working memory components.

Information is organized in a hierarchical structure with categories and subcategories. Knowledge organized from general concepts to specific details.

Context-dependent memory is easier retrieval when in the same environment as encoding. Environmental cues enhance memory retrieval effectiveness.

Iconic memory is a brief visual sensory memory. Ultra-brief visual memory lasting milliseconds.

Echoic memory is a brief auditory sensory memory. Ultra-brief auditory memory lasting a few seconds.

This is referred to as decay. Natural weakening of memory traces over time.

State-dependent memory retrieval is easier when in the same state as encoding. Internal state provides retrieval cues for better recall.

Procedural memory is involved in skills and habits. Type of implicit memory for learned motor behaviors.

This is proactive interference. Previously learned information interferes with new learning.

Storage is retaining encoded information over time. Second stage that maintains information in memory systems.

Consolidation is stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition. Process that strengthens and stabilizes new memories.

The duration is about 15-30 seconds without rehearsal. Limited timeframe before information decays without rehearsal.