Motivation, Emotion, and Personality - AP Psychology

Maslow's hierarchy of needs ranges from physiological needs (at the bottom of the pyramid) to self-actualization needs (at the top of the pyramid). Self-actualization involves achieving one's unique potential, and is much more spiritually oriented than the lower levels.

Intrinsic motivation involves internal motivating factors that keep us focused on completing a task. This does not include external rewards, like a piece of candy or a bonus at work. Thus, studying for the pure sake of learning is an example of intrinsic motivation.

Marie is faced with two undesirable outcomes: riding a ride she does not like or inviting the mockery of her friends. Marie would prefer to avoid both of these outcomes, thus she faces an avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Psychoanalysts use both of these projective tests in the attempt to access a patient's unconscious mind. The idea behind their use is the possibility that what sense the patient makes of an inkblot or the story they create behind an ambiguous picture will reveal hidden emotions, conflicts, or desires that have been troubling him/her without his/her direct knowledge.

Aptitude tests are used to determine an individual's underlying capacity or talent at a task; aptitudes can be mental or physical. Intelligence tests are used strictly in an attempt to measure mental acuity. Achievement tests are used to test both skill and aptitude. Morality tests are used to assess individuals' response to specific, moral situations.

Intrinsic motivation is when someone completes an action because the action itself is an enjoyable process. This contrasts with external motivation, where an action is completed in order to gain external reward or avoid a negative external consequence. If I'm painting a landscape because I need money and someone will buy my painting, I may enjoy painting it, but this will have been an externally motivated behavior. If I engage in an action like reading, drawing, or the like, because it is pleasurable and there is no expectation of reward, this is intrinsically motivated.

A primary drive is a drive that is completely unlearned, something that any human will inherit regardless of their socialization, upbringing, or background. Primary drives are concerned with survival and reproduction. These drives for humans are hunger, sex, thirst, sleep, and bathroom needs. All of these ensure the health, maintenance, and reproduction of the human species.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for esteem is the need to achieve goals for approval and recognition in our community. The need for esteem also includes self-esteem and self-approval. The need for esteem is separated into higher and lower level needs, lower being the need to be approved of by others, higher being self-esteem and approval.

The correct answer here is homeostasis, a internally balanced state in which our needs, and the drives created by those needs, are satisfied. When one is experiencing needs and drives, one is out of homeostasis.

William Masters and Virginia Johnson noted in their study on the sexual response cycle that sexual desire can be present even if one does not have the ability to have sex anymore.

The Set Point Theory is the theory that the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain ideal body weight. Once we reach that set point, our metabolism kicks in to burn off the excess food.

Intrinsic motivation refers to doing something because of an internal reward, such as genuinely finding an activity fun, doing something because “it makes me feel good,” etc. Outside, tangible rewards for doing the activity are not really taken into account when deciding whether or not to do it. Extrinsic motivation refers to doing something because of an external reward, such as earning money so you can buy a new computer, joining an after-school activity to boost your college application, etc. As a result, all of the answers provided refer to extrinsic motivations, except for an interest in the material. Reading about psychology essentially “just for fun” is the only choice that reflects an internal reward for reading the textbook.

Parker's lethargic attitude and unwillingness to participate in school are most indicative of "depression." His personality has not been affected, but more so his mood and his outlook. His lack of energy is not a sign of mania and his intact personality rules out disassociate identity disorder and post traumatic stress disorder.

Freud believed there were five psychosexual stages of development. In order of development from earliest to latest, these were the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latent stage, and the genital stage.

Freud proposed that the psyche/personality is divided into three distinct sections: the id, the ego, and the superego. Each has a distinct role and function within the person. The ego is the mediator or regulator of the personality because it works out realistic ways of satisfying the id's demands, while also seeking to satisfy the superego by considering realities, norms, and etiquette and avoiding negative societal consequences.

The big five personality traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Use the acronym OCEAN to help you remember.

Freud postulated that there were three distinct parts of the psyche: the id, the ego, and the superego. These three parts develop at different times in a person's life. The id is the most basic, innate part of the psyche. It is the primitive and instinctive component of the personality. It consists of all biological instincts, such as sexual attraction and aggression. The id responds immediately and directly to its instincts, seeking pleasure and self-preservation.

Freud believed there were five psychosexual stages that people went through as they matured into adults. Either frustration and overindulgence in a particular stage might lead a person to become fixated in that stage. The oral stage is the first stage that a person goes through, and is very mouth-oriented. A person in this stage will have a tendency to bite, suck, swallow, and generally explore the world with their mouth. The oral stage is typically experienced for the first year of life, during which infants are frequently seen to place unnatural objects like sand or plastic in their mouths.

Stagnation or fixation in the oral phase could lead these effects to linger into adulthood. The compulsion to chew metal or other items, as is common in pica, could be attributed to this phenomenon.

The five stages of Freud's psychosexual development are: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. At each of these stages, he theorized that one could become "fixated" and thus have consequences on personality throughout the lifetime.

Though there are numerous feminist criticisms of the idea of penis envy, the main argument is that Freud's concept is an abstract idea built on the premise that women subconsciously want to be men, implying it is better to be a man. If there were such a thing as "penis envy," feminists suggest it would be due to men's advantages in society due to perceptions engrained in social contexts.