AP Physics 1 Flashcards: Fluids And Conservation Laws

What this deck covers

This deck focuses on Fluids And Conservation Laws, giving you a quick way to review the definitions, rules, and examples that matter most for AP Physics 1.

How to use these flashcards

Work through these flashcards in short sessions. Try to answer each prompt before flipping the card, then revisit any cards you miss until the explanation feels automatic.

Flashcard 1: State the relationship between fluid pressure and area.

Answer: Inversely proportional. Same force over larger area creates lower pressure.

Flashcard 2: What is the effect of temperature on fluid viscosity?

Answer: Viscosity decreases with temperature. Higher temperature reduces intermolecular forces and friction.

Flashcard 3: State the relationship between fluid speed and pressure according to Bernoulli's principle.

Answer: Higher speed, lower pressure. Energy conservation: kinetic energy trades with pressure energy.

Flashcard 4: What is the formula for calculating the volume flow rate?

Answer: $Q = Av$. Volume per time equals area times velocity.

Flashcard 5: State the relationship between fluid speed and pressure according to Bernoulli's principle.

Answer: Higher speed, lower pressure. Energy conservation: kinetic energy trades with pressure energy.

Flashcard 6: What is the Bernoulli effect?

Answer: Pressure decreases as fluid speed increases. Application of energy conservation in moving fluids.

Flashcard 7: What property of a fluid determines its buoyant force?

Answer: Density of the fluid. Buoyancy depends on displaced fluid's weight per unit volume.

Flashcard 8: What is the formula for calculating the volume flow rate?

Answer: $Q = Av$. Volume per time equals area times velocity.

Flashcard 9: What is the term for the resistance to flow in fluids?

Answer: Viscosity. Internal friction opposing relative motion in fluids.

Flashcard 10: Identify the formula for the mass flow rate in a pipe.

Answer: $\dot{m} = \rho A v$. Mass per time flowing through cross-sectional area.

Flashcard 11: State the equation for the continuity equation in fluid dynamics.

Answer: $A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2$. Conservation of mass: flow rate equals area times velocity.

Flashcard 12: What is the primary cause of viscosity in fluids?

Answer: Internal friction. Molecular interactions resist relative motion between fluid layers.

Flashcard 13: State Bernoulli's equation.

Answer: $P + \frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho gh = \text{constant}$. Energy conservation: pressure, kinetic, and potential energy sum constant.

Flashcard 14: What is the formula for pressure in fluids?

Answer: $P = \frac{F}{A}$. Force per unit area exerted by or on a fluid.

Flashcard 15: Identify the term for fluids with zero viscosity.

Answer: Ideal fluids. Theoretical fluids with no internal friction or energy loss.

Flashcard 16: Calculate the volume flow rate for a pipe with $A = 0.1\, \text{m}^2$ and $v = 3\, \text{m/s}$.

Answer: $Q = 0.3\, \text{m}^3/\text{s}$. Using $Q = Av = 0.1 \times 3$.

Flashcard 17: What is the SI unit for density?

Answer: Kilograms per cubic meter ($\text{kg/m}^3$). Mass divided by volume in base SI units.

Flashcard 18: What is the principle of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics?

Answer: Mass flow rate is constant. Mass entering equals mass leaving any control volume.

Flashcard 19: Calculate the buoyant force on a $2\, \text{m}^3$ object submerged in water ($\rho = 1000\, \text{kg/m}^3$).

Answer: $F_b = 19600\, \text{N}$. Using $F_b = \rho Vg = 1000 \times 2 \times 9.8$.

Flashcard 20: Calculate the density if mass $m = 500\, \text{kg}$ and volume $V = 2\, \text{m}^3$.

Answer: $\rho = 250\, \text{kg/m}^3$. Using $\rho = \frac{m}{V} = \frac{500}{2}$.

Flashcard 21: What is the formula for hydrostatic pressure difference?

Answer: $\Delta P = \rho g h$. Pressure change due to fluid column height and density.

Flashcard 22: What happens to fluid pressure as depth increases?

Answer: Pressure increases. Weight of fluid column above creates greater pressure.

Flashcard 23: Determine the force exerted by a fluid on a dam with $A = 100\, \text{m}^2$ and $P = 5000\, \text{Pa}$.

Answer: $F = 500000\, \text{N}$. Using $F = PA = 5000 \times 100$.

Flashcard 24: What is the density formula?

Answer: $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$. Mass divided by volume occupied.

Flashcard 25: State the relationship between flow speed and cross-sectional area in a pipe.

Answer: Inversely proportional. Conservation of mass requires $Av$ constant in continuity equation.

Flashcard 26: State the formula derived from Torricelli's theorem.

Answer: $v = \sqrt{2gh}$. Speed equals free-fall velocity from height $h$.

Flashcard 27: What is Torricelli's theorem used for?

Answer: Calculating fluid exit speed. Determines speed of fluid exiting containers under gravity.

Flashcard 28: Find the pressure at a depth of $h$ in a fluid of density $\rho$.

Answer: $P = P_0 + \rho gh$. Atmospheric pressure plus hydrostatic pressure from fluid column.

Flashcard 29: Which law states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished?

Answer: Pascal's Law. Pressure changes propagate equally throughout confined fluids.

Flashcard 30: Identify the principle that explains buoyant force.

Answer: Archimedes' Principle. Describes upward force on objects immersed in fluids.