Practice Test 1

Secondary source excerpt (housing shortages, 88 words): A nonprofit report on Eastborough notes that new construction is concentrated in high-end condominiums, while the stock of older rental units declines as buildings are renovated and rents reset upward. The report finds that even when total housing units increase, the number of units affordable to households earning below the median income falls. Researchers call this an “affordability gap” driven by filtering that moves too slowly for low-income renters and by limited inclusionary requirements. Which interpretation best aligns with the report’s findings?

Secondary source excerpt (about 105 words): Even when neighboring states cooperate, political boundaries can remain central to security screening. Joint patrols, shared watchlists, and intelligence coordination may reduce duplication, but they still aim to identify specific cross-border threats such as trafficking networks or unauthorized weapons flows. At the same time, cooperative agreements may create faster lanes for pre-approved travelers and shipments to support regional economic goals. This combination shows that boundaries can be managed collaboratively while still functioning to regulate movement. Cooperation changes how control is implemented, not whether control exists.

Which option best identifies the primary function of boundaries emphasized in the excerpt?