19th-Century Culture and Arts Practice Test

An art history reading describes Romantic landscape painting as seeking the “sublime,” portraying overwhelming natural forces—mountain peaks, shipwrecks, storms, and moonlit ruins—to evoke awe and terror rather than calm balance. Which earlier artistic ideal is Romanticism most directly rejecting in this description?

A cultural historian writes that Romantic intellectuals collected folk songs, revived vernacular languages, and celebrated distinctive national pasts; the historian argues that these artistic projects helped transform “the people” into imagined national communities. Which political trend did Romantic cultural work most directly reinforce in 19th-century Europe?