All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What did Beccaria argue for in 'On Crimes and Punishments'?
Answer: Reform of the criminal justice system. Opposed torture and capital punishment, favored rehabilitation.
Flashcard 2: What does the term 'Philosophes' refer to?
Answer: Enlightenment intellectuals. French term for the intellectual leaders of the movement.
Flashcard 3: What did David Hume contribute to philosophy?
Answer: Empiricism and skepticism. Questioned the reliability of human knowledge and causation.
Flashcard 4: What was the Enlightenment's impact on religion?
Answer: Promoted secularism and criticized organized religion. Questioned religious dogma and promoted rational approaches to faith.
Flashcard 5: What did Voltaire advocate for?
Answer: Freedom of speech and religion. Championed tolerance and fought against religious persecution.
Flashcard 6: What was Montesquieu's key contribution to political theory?
Answer: Separation of powers. Proposed dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Flashcard 7: What was the purpose of the Encyclopédie?
Answer: To gather and disseminate knowledge. Aimed to compile all human knowledge in accessible format.
Flashcard 8: Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'The Social Contract'?
Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Outlined his theory of legitimate political authority and democracy.
Flashcard 9: What did Voltaire advocate for?
Answer: Freedom of speech and religion. Championed tolerance and fought against religious persecution.
Flashcard 10: What was Montesquieu's key contribution to political theory?
Answer: Separation of powers. Proposed dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Flashcard 11: Which work is Denis Diderot famous for?
Answer: Encyclopédie. A comprehensive collection of knowledge compiled with d'Alembert.
Flashcard 12: Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?
Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft. Argued for women's equal access to education and political rights.
Flashcard 13: What is Immanuel Kant's famous motto associated with the Enlightenment?
Answer: Sapere aude (Dare to know). Encouraged intellectual courage and independent thinking.
Flashcard 14: What did Adam Smith's 'The Wealth of Nations' advocate for?
Answer: Free-market economics. Introduced the concept of the 'invisible hand' in economics.
Flashcard 15: What is the main idea of John Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government'?
Answer: Natural rights and government's role to protect them. Argued people have inherent rights that governments must protect.
Flashcard 16: What is Deism?
Answer: Belief in a rational God who created the universe. Rejected organized religion while maintaining belief in divine creator.
Flashcard 17: What did the Enlightenment criticize?
Answer: Tradition and authority. Questioned established institutions in favor of rational inquiry.
Flashcard 18: What did Thomas Hobbes argue in 'Leviathan'?
Answer: Need for a strong central authority. Believed life without government would be 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
Flashcard 19: What concept did Rousseau introduce in his writings?
Answer: General will. The collective will of the people as the basis of legitimate government.
Flashcard 20: What does the term 'Philosophes' refer to?
Answer: Enlightenment intellectuals. French term for the intellectual leaders of the movement.
Flashcard 21: Which Enlightenment figure is known for 'Candide'?
Answer: Voltaire. Satirical novel critiquing optimistic philosophy and social institutions.
Flashcard 22: What was the Enlightenment?
Answer: An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism. Emerged in 18th-century Europe, challenging traditional authority.
Flashcard 23: What was the Enlightenment's impact on politics?
Answer: Promoted ideas of democracy and liberty. Laid intellectual groundwork for constitutional government and individual rights.
Flashcard 24: What did Enlightenment thinkers think about tradition?
Answer: Challenged traditional authority. Promoted critical thinking over accepting inherited beliefs.
Flashcard 25: What is 'tabula rasa' in Locke's theory?
Answer: The mind is a blank slate at birth. Locke's theory that experience shapes all knowledge and personality.
Flashcard 26: What did Enlightenment thinkers prioritize in government?
Answer: Consent of the governed. Rejected divine right of kings in favor of popular sovereignty.
Flashcard 27: What did Rousseau believe about society?
Answer: Society corrupts innate goodness. Famous for saying 'Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.'
Flashcard 28: What is 'natural law' in the context of the Enlightenment?
Answer: Universal principles governing human conduct. Discoverable through reason, forming the basis of human rights.
Flashcard 29: What was the impact of Enlightenment on art?
Answer: Rise of neoclassicism. Emphasized classical Greek and Roman ideals of beauty and order.
Flashcard 30: What did the Enlightenment thinkers believe about progress?
Answer: Human society could improve through reason. Optimistic view that rational thinking could solve social problems.