Globalization - AP European History

The fall of the Berlin Wall. This event symbolized the end of the Cold War and opened Eastern Europe to global markets.

Balance of power and conservative order after the Napoleonic Wars. Redrew Europe's map to prevent future revolutionary wars.

European meeting that set rules for African colonization and partition. No Africans invited; divided continent among European powers.

Catastrophic Indigenous population decline due to epidemic disease. Smallpox and other diseases killed 90% in some areas.

Large export-oriented estates using coerced labor, especially enslaved labor. Sugar and cotton plantations drove Atlantic slave trade.

Caravel (with lateen sails and improved maneuverability). Portuguese design allowed sailing against wind and in shallow waters.

Post-1492 transfer of goods, peoples, diseases, and crops across the Atlantic. Transformed both hemispheres through biological and cultural exchange.

Increasing worldwide integration of economies, cultures, and politics. Process accelerated by trade, technology, and cultural exchange.

D) Expanded trade blocs. EU and similar organizations reduced trade barriers.

British East India Company (EIC). Evolved from trading company to territorial ruler of India.

Dutch East India Company (VOC). World's first multinational corporation, controlled spice trade.

State-backed corporation granted monopoly trading rights in a region. Combined private capital with state authority for colonial trade.

Transatlantic voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas. Horrific conditions killed millions during forced ocean crossing.

Mercantilism. Classic mercantilist tools to control colonial trade.

Trade linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including enslaved labor. Ships carried goods, enslaved people, and raw materials in a cycle.

Accumulate bullion by maintaining a favorable balance of trade. Exports must exceed imports to increase national wealth.

Mercantilism. State-controlled trade to maximize gold/silver reserves.

Mestizaje (racial and cultural mixing). Created new ethnic identities and hybrid cultures in colonies.

Abolitionism (anti-slavery movement). Enlightenment ideals challenged slavery's moral legitimacy.

Domination of other regions through political control and economic exploitation. Industrial powers sought raw materials and markets globally.

Increasing worldwide integration of economies, politics, cultures, and migration. Encompasses economic, political, and cultural interconnectedness.

Post-1492 transfer of people, crops, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic. Transformed both hemispheres through biological and cultural exchange.

The caravel (ocean-going sailing ship suited to long voyages). Its lateen sails and sturdy design enabled oceanic exploration.

State-directed trade to maximize bullion and maintain a favorable balance of trade. Aimed to accumulate gold/silver and export more than import.

Europe manufactured goods → Africa enslaved people → Americas raw materials. Connected three continents in a profitable but brutal system.

The transatlantic voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas. Horrific conditions killed millions during forced ocean crossing.

Investor-owned firms that pooled capital and shared risk for overseas trade. Enabled large-scale ventures by spreading financial risk.

Control and profit from Asian maritime trade, especially spices and textiles. Monopolized Dutch trade in Asia for massive profits.

Colony: direct rule; protectorate: local rulers retained under imperial control. Colonies had foreign administration; protectorates kept puppet rulers.