All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is a graded dose-response curve?
Answer: Curve showing a range of responses. Shows varying degrees of response in same individual.
Flashcard 2: What does the y-axis represent in a dose-response curve?
Answer: Response or effect observed. Magnitude of biological or toxic effect measured.
Flashcard 3: Describe the term 'potency' in context of dose-response.
Answer: Amount of drug needed to produce a specific effect. Lower dose required indicates higher potency.
Flashcard 4: What does 'tolerance' mean in a dose-response context?
Answer: Reduced response to a substance over time. Requires higher doses to achieve same effect over time.
Flashcard 5: What is the LD50 in a dose-response curve?
Answer: Dose that is lethal to 50% of the population. Standard measure of acute toxicity for comparing substances.
Flashcard 6: What is a synergistic effect?
Answer: Combined effect greater than sum of individual effects. Results in amplified toxicity beyond additive effects.
Flashcard 7: What is the NOAEL in toxicology?
Answer: No Observed Adverse Effect Level. Highest safe dose with no harmful effects detected.
Flashcard 8: What does TD50 represent in toxicology?
Answer: Dose causing toxicity in 50% of the population. Benchmark for comparing toxic potency between substances.
Flashcard 9: What does the y-axis represent in a dose-response curve?
Answer: Response or effect observed. Magnitude of biological or toxic effect measured.
Flashcard 10: Identify one use of dose-response curves in environmental science.
Answer: Assessing risk of chemicals to human health. Establishes safe exposure limits for environmental chemicals.
Flashcard 11: What is the significance of the slope in a dose-response curve?
Answer: Indicates the rate of response change with dose. Steep slope means high sensitivity to dose changes.
Flashcard 12: What is a monotonic dose-response relationship?
Answer: Response consistently increases or decreases with dose. Response always moves in same direction as dose.
Flashcard 13: What is meant by 'response variability' in dose-response studies?
Answer: Differences in response among individuals. Reflects genetic and physiological differences between individuals.
Flashcard 14: What is the LOAEL in toxicology?
Answer: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level. Lowest dose where adverse effects are first observed.
Flashcard 15: What does the term 'biphasic dose-response curve' refer to?
Answer: Curve with two distinct phases of response. Response changes direction at different dose ranges.
Flashcard 16: What does the x-axis represent in a dose-response curve?
Answer: Dose of the substance. Amount/concentration of substance administered.
Flashcard 17: What is a dose-response curve?
Answer: Graph showing effect of different doses of a substance. Visualizes how biological response changes as dose increases.
Flashcard 18: What type of curve represents a non-threshold substance?
Answer: Linear dose-response curve. No threshold exists; any dose can cause effect.
Flashcard 19: What shape is typical for a dose-response curve?
Answer: Sigmoidal. S-shaped curve showing threshold, linear, and plateau phases.
Flashcard 20: What is the 'ceiling effect' in dose-response studies?
Answer: Point where no further response is seen with dose increase. Maximum response achieved; higher doses add no benefit.
Flashcard 21: Identify the term for the smallest dose that produces a detectable effect.
Answer: Threshold dose. Below this dose, no measurable effect occurs.
Flashcard 22: What is a hormetic dose-response curve?
Answer: Curve showing beneficial effects at low doses and harmful at high. Low doses stimulate, high doses inhibit (U-shaped curve).
Flashcard 23: Describe the term 'potency' in context of dose-response.
Answer: Amount of drug needed to produce a specific effect. Lower dose required indicates higher potency.
Flashcard 24: What does ED50 stand for in dose-response studies?
Answer: Effective dose for 50% of the population. Used to compare drug effectiveness across populations.
Flashcard 25: Define 'efficacy' in a dose-response context.
Answer: Maximum effect a drug can produce. Represented by the plateau height of the curve.
Flashcard 26: What does 'tolerance' mean in a dose-response context?
Answer: Reduced response to a substance over time. Requires higher doses to achieve same effect over time.
Flashcard 27: How does a dose-response curve aid in determining safe exposure levels?
Answer: By identifying the threshold dose. Threshold represents the maximum safe exposure level.
Flashcard 28: What is a synergistic effect?
Answer: Combined effect greater than sum of individual effects. Results in amplified toxicity beyond additive effects.
Flashcard 29: What is the purpose of a dose-response study?
Answer: To determine relationship between dose and effect. Establishes safe exposure limits and risk assessment.
Flashcard 30: What is a quantal dose-response curve?
Answer: Curve showing all-or-nothing responses. Shows percentage of population responding at each dose.