The Internet - AP Computer Science Principles

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It ensures packets arrive in order and handles error correction.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It defines how web browsers and servers communicate on the World Wide Web.

DNS translates domain names to IP addresses. This allows users to access websites using memorable names instead of numbers.

ISPs provide access to the Internet. They act as intermediaries connecting homes and businesses to the global Internet.

HTTPS adds encryption via SSL/TLS. This protects data from eavesdropping and tampering during transmission.

A firewall filters incoming and outgoing network traffic. It acts as a barrier between trusted internal networks and untrusted external ones.

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses; IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses. IPv6's longer addresses solve IPv4's address exhaustion problem.

The Transport Layer ensures reliable data transfer. Layer 4 provides end-to-end communication services like TCP and UDP.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It handles outgoing mail transmission between mail servers.

A router directs data packets between networks. It determines the best path for data to travel across interconnected networks.

Packet switching divides data into packets for transmission. This allows efficient use of network resources and enables fault tolerance.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. This suite of protocols forms the foundation of Internet communication.

TCP is connection-oriented; UDP is connectionless. TCP guarantees delivery; UDP prioritizes speed over reliability.

Post Office Protocol (POP) or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). These protocols handle downloading email from servers to client devices.

Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security; encryption. These protocols create secure channels for sensitive data transmission.

FTP is used to transfer files between computers. It enables file uploads, downloads, and remote file management.

An IP address uniquely identifies devices on a network. It serves as the network equivalent of a postal address for devices.

HTTP operates on the Application layer. Layer 7 handles user interface and network services for applications.

A VPN provides secure and encrypted connections. It creates a secure tunnel for data transmission over public networks.

NAT translates private IP addresses to a public IP address. This allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address.

Domain Name System (DNS). It converts human-readable website names into machine-readable IP addresses.

Domain Name System (DNS). It eliminates the need to memorize numerical IP addresses for websites.

Star topology. All devices connect through a central hub, providing centralized management.

IEEE 802.11, also known as Wi-Fi. This standard enables wireless communication between devices and networks.

A subnet mask divides the IP address into network and host parts. This enables efficient IP address allocation and network organization.

A switch connects different network segments. It creates separate collision domains and improves network performance.

ICMP is used for sending error messages and operational information. It enables network troubleshooting and status reporting between devices.

Bandwidth is the maximum data transfer rate of a network. It determines how much data can flow through a connection per unit time.

In P2P, each node can act as both client and server. This decentralized approach eliminates the need for dedicated servers.