Representations of Reactions
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AP Chemistry › Representations of Reactions
A precipitation reaction occurs when aqueous barium nitrate is mixed with aqueous sodium sulfate. Which complete ionic equation correctly represents this reaction (including spectator ions)?
$\mathrm{Ba^{2+}(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow BaSO_4(s)}$
$\mathrm{Ba^{2+}(aq) + 2,NO_3^-(aq) + 2,Na^+(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow BaSO_4(s) + 2,Na^+(aq) + 2,NO_3^-(aq)}$
$\mathrm{Ba(NO_3)_2(aq) + 2,Na^+(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow BaSO_4(s) + 2,NaNO_3(aq)}$
$\mathrm{Ba^{2+}(aq) + 2,NO_3^-(aq) + 2,Na^+(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow BaSO_4(aq) + 2,Na^+(aq) + 2,NO_3^-(aq)}$
$\mathrm{Ba^{2+}(aq) + NO_3^-(aq) + Na^+(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq) \rightarrow BaSO_4(s) + NaNO_3(aq)}$
Explanation
This question tests the skill of representations of reactions by asking for a complete ionic equation that includes spectator ions. To verify consistency, check that all atoms are conserved: Ba, N, O, Na, and S atoms must be equal on both sides. Also verify charge balance: left side has Ba²⁺, 2 NO₃⁻, 2 Na⁺, and SO₄²⁻ (net = 0), and right side must also equal 0. Choice D shows only the net ionic equation, omitting the required spectator ions Na⁺ and NO₃⁻. The correct answer A properly shows all ions before and after reaction: Ba²⁺(aq) + 2 NO₃⁻(aq) + 2 Na⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2 Na⁺(aq) + 2 NO₃⁻(aq), with BaSO₄ correctly shown as solid. When writing complete ionic equations, include all dissolved ions and show spectator ions unchanged on both sides.
A student mixes aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. A white precipitate forms. Which balanced molecular equation best represents the reaction (including states)?
CaCl$_2$(aq) + Na$_2$CO$_3$(aq) CaCO$_3$(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
CaCl$_2$(s) + Na$_2$CO$_3$(aq) CaCO$_3$(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
CaCl$_2$(aq) + NaCO$_3$(aq) CaCO$_3$(s) + NaCl(aq)
CaCl$_2$(aq) + Na$_2$CO$_3$(aq) CaCO$_3$(aq) + 2NaCl(s)
CaCl$_2$(aq) + Na$_2$CO$_3$(aq) Ca$_2$CO$_3$(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Explanation
This question assesses the skill of representations of reactions. To check consistency across representations, first count the atoms of each element on both sides of the equation to ensure conservation, such as 1 Ca, 2 Cl, 2 Na, 1 C, and 3 O in the balanced form. Next, verify that charges are conserved if ionic species are present, though this molecular equation shows neutral compounds. Additionally, confirm that the states of matter align with the description, like the white precipitate being solid CaCO3. A tempting distractor is choice A, which incorrectly shows CaCO3 as aqueous and NaCl as solid, reversing the solubility rules for these compounds. Always check atom count and charge before worrying about reaction type.
A word description states: “Aqueous magnesium chloride reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to produce solid silver chloride and aqueous magnesium nitrate.” Which balanced molecular equation matches the description?
MgCl$_2$(s) + 2AgNO$_3$(aq) 2AgCl(aq) + Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$(aq)
MgCl$_2$(aq) + AgNO$_3$(aq) AgCl(s) + MgNO$_3$(aq)
MgCl$_2$(aq) + 2AgNO$_3$(aq) 2AgCl(s) + MgNO$_3$(aq)
MgCl$_2$(aq) + 2AgNO$_3$(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$(aq)
Mg$^{2+}$(aq) + 2Cl$^-$(aq) + 2AgNO$_3$(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg$^{2+}$(aq) + 2NO$_3^-$(aq)
Explanation
This question assesses the skill of representations of reactions. To check consistency across representations, count atoms like 1 Mg, 2 Cl, 2 Ag, 2 N, 6 O on both sides. Verify neutral charges in this molecular equation. Ensure states match: aqueous reactants to solid AgCl and aqueous Mg(NO3)2. A tempting distractor is choice A, which lacks coefficients, unbalancing Cl and Ag atoms. Always check atom count and charge before worrying about reaction type.
A student mixes aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate and observes a white precipitate form. Which balanced molecular equation best represents the reaction that occurs (including physical states)?
$\mathrm{CaCl_2(s) + Na_2CO_3(aq) \rightarrow CaCO_3(s) + 2,NaCl(aq)}$
$\mathrm{CaCl_2(aq) + Na_2CO_3(aq) \rightarrow CaCO_3(s) + NaCl(aq)}$
$\mathrm{CaCl_2(aq) + Na_2CO_3(aq) \rightarrow CaCO_3(aq) + 2,NaCl(s)}$
$\mathrm{CaCl_2(aq) + Na_2CO_3(aq) \rightarrow Ca(s) + Na_2Cl_2(aq) + CO_3(aq)}$
$\mathrm{CaCl_2(aq) + Na_2CO_3(aq) \rightarrow CaCO_3(s) + 2,NaCl(aq)}$
Explanation
This question tests the skill of representations of reactions by asking you to identify the correct molecular equation with proper physical states. To check consistency across representations, verify that atoms are conserved: reactants have 1 Ca, 2 Cl, 2 Na, 1 C, and 3 O atoms, which must equal the products. Also verify charge is balanced: all species are neutral compounds, so charge is automatically balanced. Choice A incorrectly shows NaCl as a solid when it should be aqueous (NaCl is highly soluble), and CaCO₃ as aqueous when it should be solid (CaCO₃ is insoluble). The correct answer B properly shows CaCO₃(s) as the precipitate and NaCl(aq) remaining dissolved, with a coefficient of 2 for NaCl to balance the equation. When analyzing reaction representations, always verify both atom conservation and correct physical states based on solubility rules.
A student is asked to choose the representation that correctly shows conservation of atoms for the decomposition of potassium chlorate into potassium chloride and oxygen gas. Which balanced equation is correct?
$ \mathrm{K_2ClO_3(s)} \rightarrow \mathrm{2KCl(s)} + \mathrm{O_2(g)} $
$ \mathrm{KClO_3(s)} \rightarrow \mathrm{KCl(s)} + \mathrm{O_2(g)} $
$ \mathrm{2KClO_3(s)} \rightarrow \mathrm{KCl(s)} + \mathrm{3O_2(g)} $
$ \mathrm{2KClO_3(s)} \rightarrow \mathrm{2KCl(s)} + \mathrm{3O_2(g)} $
$ \mathrm{KClO_3(s)} \rightarrow \mathrm{KCl(s)} + \mathrm{3O(g)} $
Explanation
This question assesses the skill of representations of reactions. To check consistency across representations, count atoms: $2 \mathrm{K}$, $2 \mathrm{Cl}$, $6 \mathrm{O}$ on left to $2 \mathrm{K}$, $2 \mathrm{Cl}$, $6 \mathrm{O}$ on right. Verify neutral charges. Ensure coefficients balance oxygen: $2 \mathrm{KClO_3}$ to $2 \mathrm{KCl} + 3 \mathrm{O_2}$. A tempting distractor is choice A, lacking coefficients, unbalancing oxygen atoms. Always check atom count and charge before worrying about reaction type.
The molecular equation for a reaction in aqueous solution is $\mathrm{HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l)}$. Which net ionic equation corresponds to this reaction?
$\mathrm{HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l)}$
$\mathrm{H^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq) + Na^+(aq) + OH^-(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(s) + H_2O(l)}$
$\mathrm{H^+(aq) + OH^-(aq) \rightarrow H_2(g) + O^{2-}(aq)}$
$\mathrm{H^+(aq) + OH^-(aq) \rightarrow H_2O(l)}$
$\mathrm{Na^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq)}$
Explanation
This question tests the skill of representations of reactions by asking you to convert a molecular equation to its net ionic form. To verify the net ionic equation, first write the complete ionic form: H⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) + Na⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → Na⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) + H₂O(l). Then identify spectator ions (Na⁺ and Cl⁻ appear unchanged on both sides) and remove them. Choice A incorrectly shows the formation of NaCl from its ions, which are actually spectators. The correct answer C shows only the reacting species: H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l), representing the essential acid-base neutralization. To write net ionic equations, include only the species that undergo chemical change and exclude all spectator ions.
A student writes the following equation to represent the formation of solid aluminum oxide from its elements:
Al(s) + O$_2$(g) Al$_2$O$_3$(s)
Which balanced equation correctly represents the same reaction while conserving atoms?
2Al(s) + O$_2$(g) Al$_2$O$_3$(s)
3Al(s) + 2O$_2$(g) Al$_3$O$_4$(s)
Al(s) + 3O(g) AlO$_3$(s)
4Al(s) + 3O$_2$(g) 2Al$_2$O$_3$(s)
2Al(s) + 3O$_2$(g) 2Al$_2$O$_3$(s)
Explanation
This question assesses the skill of representations of reactions. To check consistency across representations, count atoms: 4 Al, 6 O on left to 4 Al, 6 O on right. Verify neutral charges. Ensure coefficients balance oxygen: 4 Al + 3 O2 to 2 Al2O3. A tempting distractor is choice A, with unbalanced coefficients for Al and O2. Always check atom count and charge before worrying about reaction type.
A reaction is described as: “Solid magnesium oxide is added to hydrochloric acid, producing aqueous magnesium chloride and liquid water.” Which balanced molecular equation best represents this reaction, including physical states?
$\mathrm{MgO(s) + HCl(aq) \rightarrow MgCl(aq) + HOH(l)}$
$\mathrm{Mg(s) + 2,HCl(aq) \rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)}$
$\mathrm{MgO(aq) + 2,HCl(aq) \rightarrow MgCl_2(s) + H_2O(aq)}$
$\mathrm{MgO(s) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow Mg(OH)_2(aq)}$
$\mathrm{MgO(s) + 2,HCl(aq) \rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2O(l)}$
Explanation
This problem requires the skill of representations of reactions to write a balanced equation matching a verbal description. Checking conservation: Mg (1→1), O (1→1), H (2→2), Cl (2→2), all atoms balance correctly. The equation also shows correct physical states: MgO is a solid metal oxide, HCl is aqueous acid, MgCl₂ is soluble (aqueous), and water is liquid. Choice D shows a different reaction—metallic Mg reacting with HCl to produce H₂ gas, not the acid-base reaction described. Always match the chemical species and physical states exactly to the problem description.
A particulate-level description shows that aqueous H$^+$(aq) ions react with solid magnesium metal to produce aqueous Mg$^{2+}$(aq) ions and hydrogen gas, H$_2$(g). Which balanced net ionic equation matches this description?
2Mg(s) + 2H$^+$(aq) 2Mg$^{2+}$(aq) + H$_2$(g)
Mg(s) + 2H$^+$(aq) Mg$^{2+}$(aq) + H$_2$(g)
Mg$^{2+}$(aq) + 2H$^+$(aq) Mg(s) + H$_2$(g)
Mg(s) + H$^+$(aq) Mg$^{2+}$(aq) + H(g)
Mg(s) + H$_2$(aq) Mg$^{2+}$(aq) + 2H$^-$(aq)
Explanation
This question assesses the skill of representations of reactions. To check consistency across representations, count atoms: 1 Mg, 2 H on both sides. Verify charge: +2 on left (2H+) matches +2 on right (Mg2+). Confirm states: solid Mg, aqueous H+ to aqueous Mg2+, gaseous H2. A tempting distractor is choice A, which omits the coefficient 2 for H+, unbalancing atoms and charge. Always check atom count and charge before worrying about reaction type.
A student claims that the net ionic equation for mixing aqueous ammonium chloride and aqueous sodium hydroxide is $\mathrm{NH_4^+(aq) + OH^-(aq) \rightarrow NH_3(aq) + H_2O(l)}$. Which molecular equation is consistent with that net ionic equation (including physical states)?
$\mathrm{NH_4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NH_4OH(aq) + NaCl(aq)}$
$\mathrm{NH_3(aq) + HCl(aq) \rightarrow NH_4Cl(aq)}$
$\mathrm{NH_4Cl(s) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NH_4OH(aq) + NaCl(s)}$
$\mathrm{NH_4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NH_2Cl(aq) + NaH_2O(aq)}$
$\mathrm{NH_4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NH_3(aq) + H_2O(l) + NaCl(aq)}$
Explanation
This question tests the skill of representations of reactions by asking you to match a net ionic equation with its molecular form. To verify consistency, the molecular equation must produce the same net ionic equation when spectator ions are removed: NH₄Cl provides NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻, NaOH provides Na⁺ and OH⁻, and after removing spectators (Na⁺ and Cl⁻), we get NH₄⁺ + OH⁻ → NH₃ + H₂O. Choice C incorrectly shows NH₄OH as a product, but this compound doesn't exist as a stable molecule (ammonia exists as NH₃ in water). The correct answer A shows NH₄Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NH₃(aq) + H₂O(l) + NaCl(aq), which yields the given net ionic equation when spectator ions are removed. To verify molecular equations match net ionic equations, write the complete ionic form and confirm that removing spectators gives the target net equation.