Galvanic (Voltaic) and Electrolytic Cells
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AP Chemistry › Galvanic (Voltaic) and Electrolytic Cells
An object is electroplated with nickel by placing it in a NiSO$_4$(aq) solution. The object is connected to the negative terminal of a power supply, a Ni(s) strip is connected to the positive terminal, and a visible Ni coating forms on the object only while the power supply is on. Which statement correctly classifies the process and identifies a defining feature?
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it operates only because the salt bridge supplies electrons to the circuit.
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it requires an external power source to force a nonspontaneous reaction.
It is an electrolytic process, and it requires an external power source to force a nonspontaneous reaction.
It is an electrolytic process, and it produces electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction.
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it produces electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction.
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells produce electrical energy from spontaneous reactions, with the cell potential being positive and no external input required. Electrolytic cells consume electrical energy to enable nonspontaneous reactions, often used in processes like plating or purification. Electron flow in galvanic cells is spontaneous from the oxidation to reduction site, but in electrolytic cells, it's imposed by the power source to reverse the natural tendency. A tempting distractor is choice B, which incorrectly identifies it as galvanic, arising from the misconception that metal deposition always results from a spontaneous reaction. To distinguish between cell types, remember that if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
In a laboratory demonstration, a student connects a galvanic cell to a second electrochemical cell using wires. The galvanic cell powers the second cell, causing metal to plate onto an electrode in the second cell. No wall outlet or battery is used. Which statement best describes the second cell while it is being powered by the first?
Electrolytic cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Electrolytic cell; an external source of electrical energy is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Electrolytic cell; the salt bridge supplies electrons to keep the reaction running
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells harness spontaneous reactions to output electricity, electrons flowing voluntarily. Electrolytic cells input electricity to drive nonspontaneous reactions, compelling flow. This energy-spontaneity dynamic defines cell type and electron movement. Choice A is tempting, labeling galvanic with spontaneity, based on misconception that powering another cell makes the second spontaneous. To distinguish between cell types, remember: if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
A commercial alkaline battery powers a flashlight. As the battery discharges, chemical reactants inside the sealed cell are consumed and electrical energy is delivered to the circuit without any external power supply. Which statement correctly classifies the process and its defining feature?
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; the salt bridge supplies electrons to keep the reaction running
Electrolytic cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; an external power source is required to force electron flow
Electrolytic cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells utilize spontaneous redox reactions to generate electrical energy, with electrons flowing freely from anode to cathode. Electrolytic cells demand an external power source to propel nonspontaneous reactions, reversing the natural electron flow. The interplay of spontaneity and energy flow differentiates the cells, determining if electrons move voluntarily or under compulsion. Choice D is an incorrect choice, classifying it as electrolytic with spontaneous energy production, stemming from the misconception that sealed systems like batteries must always require external power even when discharging spontaneously. To distinguish between cell types, remember: if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
A student observes that in an electrochemical cell, the reaction proceeds on its own once the circuit is closed, and the device can be used as a power source for a small calculator. No external battery is connected. Which statement correctly classifies the cell and its defining feature?
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Electrolytic cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; the salt bridge supplies electrons to keep the reaction running
Electrolytic cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells convert spontaneous redox to electrical energy, electrons moving naturally. Electrolytic cells force nonspontaneous redox with external energy, controlling path. This distinction affects classification and electron behavior. Choice B is tempting, labeling electrolytic with spontaneity, assuming powering devices means electrolytic. To distinguish between cell types, remember: if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
An object is electroplated with nickel by placing it in a NiSO$_4$(aq) solution and connecting it to the negative terminal of a DC power supply. A Ni(s) strip is connected to the positive terminal. Nickel metal builds up on the object only while the power supply is on. Which statement correctly classifies the process and its defining feature?
Electrolytic cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Electrolytic cell; the salt bridge supplies electrons to keep the reaction running
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Electrolytic cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells feature spontaneous redox processes that produce electrical energy, with electrons flowing naturally due to a favorable potential difference. Electrolytic cells, on the other hand, use an external power source to drive nonspontaneous reactions, compelling electron movement against the potential gradient. The core distinction lies in whether the reaction's spontaneity allows energy release or necessitates energy input, which governs the electron flow direction. Choice B is a misleading option, incorrectly identifying it as galvanic with spontaneous energy production, based on the misconception that metal deposition always indicates a spontaneous process without considering the need for external power. To distinguish between cell types, remember: if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
Two half-cells are connected with a salt bridge: Sn(s) in SnCl$_2$(aq) and Pb(s) in Pb(NO$_3$)$_2$(aq). A student connects the electrodes through a wire and observes that the voltmeter reads approximately 0 V and no sustained current flows unless a battery is connected in series. With the battery connected, the Pb electrode gains mass. Which statement best describes the process occurring when the battery is connected?
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Electrolytic cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Electrolytic cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; the salt bridge supplies electrons to keep the reaction running
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells operate via spontaneous redox reactions that yield electrical energy, enabling electron flow without external intervention. In electrolytic cells, nonspontaneous reactions are forced by supplying electrical energy, directing electrons to achieve the desired chemical change. Spontaneity determines if the cell outputs energy (galvanic) or requires input (electrolytic), thus controlling the electron movement pathway. Choice A is a tempting distractor, labeling it as galvanic with spontaneous energy production, rooted in the misconception that near-zero voltage always means a spontaneous cell when in fact it indicates nonspontaneity here. To distinguish between cell types, remember: if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
Water is electrolyzed in a Hoffman apparatus containing acidified water. Two inert electrodes are connected to a power supply, and gases collect in separate tubes only while the power supply is operating. Which statement correctly classifies the process and its defining feature?
Electrolytic cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Electrolytic cell; the salt bridge supplies electrons to keep the reaction running
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; an external power source is required to force electron flow
Electrolytic cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells produce energy from spontaneous reactions, electrons flowing voluntarily. Electrolytic cells consume energy for nonspontaneous reactions, forcing electron flow. Energy flow and spontaneity define cell type and electron direction. Choice A is incorrect, labeling it galvanic with spontaneity, assuming gas collection means spontaneous without power need. To distinguish between cell types, remember: if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
A student attempts to deposit Cr(s) onto a metal key by placing the key in a solution containing Cr$^{3+}$(aq) and connecting the key to a DC power supply. The key becomes coated only while the power supply is on, and the coating process stops immediately when the power supply is removed. Which statement correctly classifies the process and its defining feature?
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; the salt bridge supplies electrons to keep the reaction running
Electrolytic cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Electrolytic cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; an external power source is required to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction
Galvanic (voltaic) cell; a spontaneous redox reaction produces electrical energy in the external circuit
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. In galvanic cells, spontaneous reactions yield electrical energy, electrons flowing spontaneously. Electrolytic cells need external energy for nonspontaneous reactions, driving electron flow. This difference in spontaneity and energy governs cell classification and electron behavior. Choice B is misleading, identifying it as galvanic with spontaneous energy, based on the misconception that coating processes are always spontaneous without external input. To distinguish between cell types, remember: if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
A table summarizes observations for a cell made from two half-cells connected by a salt bridge and an external wire.
Observations: (1) A voltmeter reads a steady positive voltage when connected across the electrodes; (2) no battery is connected; (3) one metal electrode slowly dissolves, and a different metal electrode gains mass.
Which statement correctly classifies the process and identifies a defining feature?
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it produces electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction.
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it requires an external power source to force a nonspontaneous reaction.
It is an electrolytic process, and it requires an external power source to force a nonspontaneous reaction.
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it operates only because the salt bridge supplies electrons to the circuit.
It is an electrolytic process, and it produces electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction.
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. Galvanic cells produce electricity from spontaneous redox reactions, as indicated by positive voltage and mass transfers without external power. Electrolytic cells need external energy to drive nonspontaneous processes, lacking inherent voltage. The energy flow determines electron movement: spontaneous release in galvanic cells propels electrons, while input in electrolytic cells forces them. A tempting distractor is choice A, which incorrectly deems it electrolytic, based on the misconception that electrode dissolution always requires external forcing. To distinguish between cell types, remember that if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.
A student sets up two half-cells connected by a salt bridge and a wire: Fe(s) in FeSO$_4$(aq) and Ag(s) in AgNO$_3$(aq). The student measures a steady voltage with a voltmeter (no battery attached). When the wire is connected through a small motor, the motor turns briefly and the Ag electrode increases in mass. Which statement correctly classifies the process and identifies a defining feature?
It is an electrolytic process, and it requires an external power source to force a nonspontaneous reaction.
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it produces electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction.
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it requires an external power source to force a nonspontaneous reaction.
It is an electrolytic process, and it produces electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction.
It is a galvanic (voltaic) process, and it operates only because the salt bridge supplies electrons to the circuit.
Explanation
This question tests your understanding of galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic cells. In galvanic cells, spontaneous redox processes release free energy, which is harnessed as electrical work, such as powering a motor or generating voltage. Electrolytic cells demand input of electrical energy to drive nonspontaneous reactions, like electrolysis. The direction of electron flow is determined by spontaneity: in galvanic cells, electrons move naturally toward the more positive potential, while in electrolytic cells, an external force dictates the flow. A tempting distractor is choice A, which wrongly labels it as electrolytic, based on the misconception that mass changes at electrodes always indicate a forced process. To distinguish between cell types, remember that if electrical energy is produced, the cell is galvanic; if it must be supplied, the cell is electrolytic.