Structure of Metals and Alloys - AP Chemistry
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Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?
Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?
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Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
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Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?
Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?
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Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
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What is the primary component of brass?
What is the primary component of brass?
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Copper. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy with copper predominating.
Copper. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy with copper predominating.
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Which metal structure has a coordination number of 8?
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 8?
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Body-centered cubic. BCC structure has 8 nearest neighbors per atom.
Body-centered cubic. BCC structure has 8 nearest neighbors per atom.
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What is the primary component of bronze?
What is the primary component of bronze?
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Copper. Bronze is traditionally a copper-tin alloy.
Copper. Bronze is traditionally a copper-tin alloy.
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Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and center.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and center.
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Body-centered cubic. Has one atom at each corner and one in the center.
Body-centered cubic. Has one atom at each corner and one in the center.
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What is the coordination number in a face-centered cubic lattice?
What is the coordination number in a face-centered cubic lattice?
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- Each atom is surrounded by 12 nearest neighbors.
- Each atom is surrounded by 12 nearest neighbors.
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State the type of bonding found in metals.
State the type of bonding found in metals.
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Metallic bonding. Formed by delocalized electrons creating a 'sea' of electrons.
Metallic bonding. Formed by delocalized electrons creating a 'sea' of electrons.
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What is the basic structural unit of metals?
What is the basic structural unit of metals?
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The crystal lattice. The repeating 3D arrangement of metal atoms in space.
The crystal lattice. The repeating 3D arrangement of metal atoms in space.
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Name a common alloy of iron and carbon.
Name a common alloy of iron and carbon.
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Steel. Carbon atoms fit into iron's crystal lattice interstitially.
Steel. Carbon atoms fit into iron's crystal lattice interstitially.
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What is the term for metals' ability to be hammered into sheets?
What is the term for metals' ability to be hammered into sheets?
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Malleability. Layers of atoms can shift while maintaining metallic bonding.
Malleability. Layers of atoms can shift while maintaining metallic bonding.
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Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and face.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and face.
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Face-centered cubic. Has atoms at corners and centers of each face.
Face-centered cubic. Has atoms at corners and centers of each face.
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Which metal is added to steel to make stainless steel?
Which metal is added to steel to make stainless steel?
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Chromium. Chromium forms a protective oxide layer preventing corrosion.
Chromium. Chromium forms a protective oxide layer preventing corrosion.
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What is the coordination number in a body-centered cubic lattice?
What is the coordination number in a body-centered cubic lattice?
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- Each atom touches 8 nearest neighbors in this structure.
- Each atom touches 8 nearest neighbors in this structure.
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What is a primary characteristic of amorphous metals?
What is a primary characteristic of amorphous metals?
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Lack of long-range order. Atoms lack organized, repeating crystalline structure.
Lack of long-range order. Atoms lack organized, repeating crystalline structure.
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Identify the arrangement of atoms in a metal lattice.
Identify the arrangement of atoms in a metal lattice.
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A regular, repeating pattern. Atoms are arranged in an orderly, periodic structure.
A regular, repeating pattern. Atoms are arranged in an orderly, periodic structure.
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Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?
Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?
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Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
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Define the term 'substitutional alloy'.
Define the term 'substitutional alloy'.
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An alloy with atoms replaced by other metal atoms of similar size. Different metal atoms occupy lattice positions directly.
An alloy with atoms replaced by other metal atoms of similar size. Different metal atoms occupy lattice positions directly.
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State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a body-centered cubic cell.
State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a body-centered cubic cell.
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$\frac{68}{100}$ or 68%. BCC packing is less efficient than close-packed structures.
$\frac{68}{100}$ or 68%. BCC packing is less efficient than close-packed structures.
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What is the role of delocalized electrons in metal properties?
What is the role of delocalized electrons in metal properties?
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Contribute to conductivity and malleability. Free electrons enable both electrical flow and deformation.
Contribute to conductivity and malleability. Free electrons enable both electrical flow and deformation.
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What is the effect of impurities on the brittleness of metals?
What is the effect of impurities on the brittleness of metals?
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Increases brittleness. Foreign atoms create stress points that promote fracturing.
Increases brittleness. Foreign atoms create stress points that promote fracturing.
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Identify the crystal structure with the highest packing efficiency.
Identify the crystal structure with the highest packing efficiency.
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Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both achieve 74% packing efficiency, the theoretical maximum.
Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both achieve 74% packing efficiency, the theoretical maximum.
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What is an alloy?
What is an alloy?
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A mixture of two or more elements, with at least one metal. Combines metals with other elements to enhance properties.
A mixture of two or more elements, with at least one metal. Combines metals with other elements to enhance properties.
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Which metal structure has a coordination number of 12?
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 12?
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Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both FCC and HCP maximize nearest neighbor contacts.
Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both FCC and HCP maximize nearest neighbor contacts.
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What is the primary benefit of alloying metals?
What is the primary benefit of alloying metals?
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Enhanced properties such as strength and resistance. Combining metals creates materials superior to pure components.
Enhanced properties such as strength and resistance. Combining metals creates materials superior to pure components.
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What is the effect of alloying on metal hardness?
What is the effect of alloying on metal hardness?
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Increases hardness. Different atoms disrupt lattice, preventing easy deformation.
Increases hardness. Different atoms disrupt lattice, preventing easy deformation.
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What is the effect of alloying on metal conductivity?
What is the effect of alloying on metal conductivity?
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Usually decreases conductivity. Foreign atoms scatter electrons, reducing electron mobility.
Usually decreases conductivity. Foreign atoms scatter electrons, reducing electron mobility.
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Which alloy is primarily made of aluminum and copper?
Which alloy is primarily made of aluminum and copper?
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Duralumin. A strong, lightweight aluminum alloy used in aerospace.
Duralumin. A strong, lightweight aluminum alloy used in aerospace.
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Which type of alloy involves the insertion of smaller atoms into a metal lattice?
Which type of alloy involves the insertion of smaller atoms into a metal lattice?
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Interstitial alloy. Small atoms fit into spaces between larger lattice atoms.
Interstitial alloy. Small atoms fit into spaces between larger lattice atoms.
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Which property allows metals to reflect light?
Which property allows metals to reflect light?
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Free electrons. Mobile electrons can absorb and re-emit photons effectively.
Free electrons. Mobile electrons can absorb and re-emit photons effectively.
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