Elements, Ions, and Isotopes - AP Chemistry
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What kind of radiation has no charge or mass?
What kind of radiation has no charge or mass?
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This is the definition of gamma radiation.
This is the definition of gamma radiation.
Uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed as a result of this decay?
Uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed as a result of this decay?
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In alpha decay, an element loses the equivalent of a helium nucleus, or 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Uranium-238 has an atomic number of 92 and a mass of 238 units, so the product of alpha decay will have an atomic number of 90 and a mass of 234 units. This corresponds to thorium-234.
In alpha decay, an element loses the equivalent of a helium nucleus, or 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Uranium-238 has an atomic number of 92 and a mass of 238 units, so the product of alpha decay will have an atomic number of 90 and a mass of 234 units. This corresponds to thorium-234.
An electron falling to a lower energy level gives off a blue glow (λ=475nm). How much energy is emitted?
An electron falling to a lower energy level gives off a blue glow (λ=475nm). How much energy is emitted?
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E=hf, or E=hc/λ
h is Planck's constant with a value of 6.62606957 × 10-34 m2 kg / s. Converting 475nm to m gives 4.75x10-7m. c is the speed of light with 3x108m/s. Putting these variables into the second equation you get 4.174x10-19J
E=hf, or E=hc/λ
h is Planck's constant with a value of 6.62606957 × 10-34 m2 kg / s. Converting 475nm to m gives 4.75x10-7m. c is the speed of light with 3x108m/s. Putting these variables into the second equation you get 4.174x10-19J
As atomic radius decreases, the force of attraction between the nucleus of the atom and its electrons .
As atomic radius decreases, the force of attraction between the nucleus of the atom and its electrons .
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As the atomic radius decreases, electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus. Since the electromagnetic force between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons is a function of distance, the force of attraction, or effective nuclear charge, exerted on each electron will be greater.
As the atomic radius decreases, electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus. Since the electromagnetic force between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons is a function of distance, the force of attraction, or effective nuclear charge, exerted on each electron will be greater.
What is the shorthand electron configuration for gallium?
What is the shorthand electron configuration for gallium?
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To write out the shorthand electronic configuration for Ga, you simply write down the noble gas that that comes before 
, in this case 
, then write the rest of the electron configuration as normal.
To write out the shorthand electronic configuration for Ga, you simply write down the noble gas that that comes before
The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of .
The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of .
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The atomic number is equal to the number of protons, because no two elements have the same number of protons. It is however possible for different elements to have the same number of electrons (through the loss or gain of electrons) or neutrons (isotopes).
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons, because no two elements have the same number of protons. It is however possible for different elements to have the same number of electrons (through the loss or gain of electrons) or neutrons (isotopes).
Am-242 undergoes beta-decay at a half-life of 16 hours. If a chemist starts with a sample of 
of Am-242 and allows it to undergo beta-decay, how much of the original sample remains after 4 days?
Am-242 undergoes beta-decay at a half-life of 16 hours. If a chemist starts with a sample of
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With each half-life, the amount of Am-242 is halved. 4 days is 96 hours, which is 6 half-lives. For half-life questions use the formula:
Where 
is the number of half lives.
Thus 
of Am-242 is left after 4 days.
With each half-life, the amount of Am-242 is halved. 4 days is 96 hours, which is 6 half-lives. For half-life questions use the formula:
Where
Thus
Consider the following isotope of thorium:
What is the identity of the product following three alpha decay reactions?
Consider the following isotope of thorium:
What is the identity of the product following three alpha decay reactions?
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During alpha decay, an element emits a helium nucleus with 2 neutrons and 2 protons. Thus, the atomic mass of the new element is decreased by four, and the atomic number is decreased by two.
Three subsequent alpha decays result in a new element with an atomic mass of 232 - 3(4) = 220, and a new atomic number of 90 - 3(2) = 84.
Using the periodic table, we find the element with this atomic number is polonium (Po).
During alpha decay, an element emits a helium nucleus with 2 neutrons and 2 protons. Thus, the atomic mass of the new element is decreased by four, and the atomic number is decreased by two.
Three subsequent alpha decays result in a new element with an atomic mass of 232 - 3(4) = 220, and a new atomic number of 90 - 3(2) = 84.
Using the periodic table, we find the element with this atomic number is polonium (Po).
Consider the following isotope:
What is the identity of the product after the following series of decay reactions?
alpha decay, alpha decay, electron emission, positron emission, positron emission
Consider the following isotope:
What is the identity of the product after the following series of decay reactions?
alpha decay, alpha decay, electron emission, positron emission, positron emission
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In alpha decay, a helium nucleus is emitted, and thus the isotope loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
In electron emission, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and an emitted electron.
In positron emission, a proton in the nucleus is converted into a neutron and an emitted positron.
The given isotope will lose 4 protons and 4 neutrons via alpha emission, gain 1 proton and lose 1 neutron via electron emission, and lose 2 protons and gain 2 neutrons via positron emission. The result is a loss of 5 protons and 8 mass units.
Accounting for the changes in atomic mass and number, we find that the final element is 141-praseodymium.
In alpha decay, a helium nucleus is emitted, and thus the isotope loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
In electron emission, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and an emitted electron.
In positron emission, a proton in the nucleus is converted into a neutron and an emitted positron.
The given isotope will lose 4 protons and 4 neutrons via alpha emission, gain 1 proton and lose 1 neutron via electron emission, and lose 2 protons and gain 2 neutrons via positron emission. The result is a loss of 5 protons and 8 mass units.
Accounting for the changes in atomic mass and number, we find that the final element is 141-praseodymium.
The isotope 
of potassium is used to date geological materials. One of the decay reactions this isotope undergoes is:
In order for the nuclear reaction to be balanced 
can be:
The isotope
In order for the nuclear reaction to be balanced
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A beam of electrons is known also as β radiation. An electron has atomic number of 
and zero mass number. Hence, the reaction can be written:
Where 
can be either, an electron or β radiation. The mass number is balanced because 
and the atomic number is balanced because 
. This kind of nuclear reactions are called beta decay reactions.
A beam of electrons is known also as β radiation. An electron has atomic number of
Where
An alpha particle can also be written as which of the following?
An alpha particle can also be written as which of the following?
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An alpha particle can be written as 
or 
. The latter is used frequently in nuclear physics because it is more helpful when calculating resulting nuclei after radioactive decay. In alpha emission, the nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons.
An alpha particle can be written as
Suppose that a radioactive isotope whose half-life is equal to 
is allowed to decay. After waiting 
, how much of this compound would be expected to exist compared to the initial amount?
Suppose that a radioactive isotope whose half-life is equal to
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In order to answer this question, we'll need to employ the equation for first-order decay. The reason we know that this is a first order decay process is because we are told that the compound in question is radioactive. It's important to recall that all radioactive decay processes occur via a first order decay mechanism.
Before jumping into the math, let's first make a quick ballpark prediction of where our answer should be. We know that the half-life for any compound is the amount of time it takes for half of that compound to decay. Furthermore, we're given the value for a compound's half-life. Since the amount of time that has passed in the question is less than the half-life, we would expect to still have over half of the compound left. Thus, our answer should be above 
.
Where 
is the amount of compound that exists at a specified time
is the amount of compound that exists initially
is the decay constant for the compound
is the specified amount of time that has passed
To solve for the fraction of compound that exists at a given time relative to the initial amount, we can make the following changes to the above equation.
Thus far, we have everything we need except for the decay constant. However, as long as we know the half life of the compound, we can calculate the decay constant using the following formula that applies to all first order reactions.
Notice that the above decay constant has units of inverse-time. This is what we would expect, since all first order reactions have rate constants with these units.
Now, we are ready to plug in the value we calculated for the decay constant into the rate equation to find our answer.
Going back to the quick prediction we made, we can see that this calculated value agrees with our prediction.
In order to answer this question, we'll need to employ the equation for first-order decay. The reason we know that this is a first order decay process is because we are told that the compound in question is radioactive. It's important to recall that all radioactive decay processes occur via a first order decay mechanism.
Before jumping into the math, let's first make a quick ballpark prediction of where our answer should be. We know that the half-life for any compound is the amount of time it takes for half of that compound to decay. Furthermore, we're given the value for a compound's half-life. Since the amount of time that has passed in the question is less than the half-life, we would expect to still have over half of the compound left. Thus, our answer should be above
Where
To solve for the fraction of compound that exists at a given time relative to the initial amount, we can make the following changes to the above equation.
Thus far, we have everything we need except for the decay constant. However, as long as we know the half life of the compound, we can calculate the decay constant using the following formula that applies to all first order reactions.
Notice that the above decay constant has units of inverse-time. This is what we would expect, since all first order reactions have rate constants with these units.
Now, we are ready to plug in the value we calculated for the decay constant into the rate equation to find our answer.
Going back to the quick prediction we made, we can see that this calculated value agrees with our prediction.
An electron falling to a lower energy level gives off a blue glow (λ=475nm). How much energy is emitted?
An electron falling to a lower energy level gives off a blue glow (λ=475nm). How much energy is emitted?
Tap to see back →
E=hf, or E=hc/λ
h is Planck's constant with a value of 6.62606957 × 10-34 m2 kg / s. Converting 475nm to m gives 4.75x10-7m. c is the speed of light with 3x108m/s. Putting these variables into the second equation you get 4.174x10-19J
E=hf, or E=hc/λ
h is Planck's constant with a value of 6.62606957 × 10-34 m2 kg / s. Converting 475nm to m gives 4.75x10-7m. c is the speed of light with 3x108m/s. Putting these variables into the second equation you get 4.174x10-19J
As atomic radius decreases, the force of attraction between the nucleus of the atom and its electrons .
As atomic radius decreases, the force of attraction between the nucleus of the atom and its electrons .
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As the atomic radius decreases, electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus. Since the electromagnetic force between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons is a function of distance, the force of attraction, or effective nuclear charge, exerted on each electron will be greater.
As the atomic radius decreases, electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus. Since the electromagnetic force between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons is a function of distance, the force of attraction, or effective nuclear charge, exerted on each electron will be greater.
What is the shorthand electron configuration for gallium?
What is the shorthand electron configuration for gallium?
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To write out the shorthand electronic configuration for Ga, you simply write down the noble gas that that comes before , in this case , then write the rest of the electron configuration as normal.
To write out the shorthand electronic configuration for Ga, you simply write down the noble gas that that comes before
The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of .
The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of .
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The atomic number is equal to the number of protons, because no two elements have the same number of protons. It is however possible for different elements to have the same number of electrons (through the loss or gain of electrons) or neutrons (isotopes).
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons, because no two elements have the same number of protons. It is however possible for different elements to have the same number of electrons (through the loss or gain of electrons) or neutrons (isotopes).
What kind of radiation has no charge or mass?
What kind of radiation has no charge or mass?
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This is the definition of gamma radiation.
This is the definition of gamma radiation.
Uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed as a result of this decay?
Uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay. Which nucleus is formed as a result of this decay?
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In alpha decay, an element loses the equivalent of a helium nucleus, or 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Uranium-238 has an atomic number of 92 and a mass of 238 units, so the product of alpha decay will have an atomic number of 90 and a mass of 234 units. This corresponds to thorium-234.
In alpha decay, an element loses the equivalent of a helium nucleus, or 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Uranium-238 has an atomic number of 92 and a mass of 238 units, so the product of alpha decay will have an atomic number of 90 and a mass of 234 units. This corresponds to thorium-234.
Am-242 undergoes beta-decay at a half-life of 16 hours. If a chemist starts with a sample of of Am-242 and allows it to undergo beta-decay, how much of the original sample remains after 4 days?
Am-242 undergoes beta-decay at a half-life of 16 hours. If a chemist starts with a sample of
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With each half-life, the amount of Am-242 is halved. 4 days is 96 hours, which is 6 half-lives. For half-life questions use the formula:
Where is the number of half lives.
Thus of Am-242 is left after 4 days.
With each half-life, the amount of Am-242 is halved. 4 days is 96 hours, which is 6 half-lives. For half-life questions use the formula:
Where
Thus
Consider the following isotope of thorium:
What is the identity of the product following three alpha decay reactions?
Consider the following isotope of thorium:
What is the identity of the product following three alpha decay reactions?
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During alpha decay, an element emits a helium nucleus with 2 neutrons and 2 protons. Thus, the atomic mass of the new element is decreased by four, and the atomic number is decreased by two.
Three subsequent alpha decays result in a new element with an atomic mass of 232 - 3(4) = 220, and a new atomic number of 90 - 3(2) = 84.
Using the periodic table, we find the element with this atomic number is polonium (Po).
During alpha decay, an element emits a helium nucleus with 2 neutrons and 2 protons. Thus, the atomic mass of the new element is decreased by four, and the atomic number is decreased by two.
Three subsequent alpha decays result in a new element with an atomic mass of 232 - 3(4) = 220, and a new atomic number of 90 - 3(2) = 84.
Using the periodic table, we find the element with this atomic number is polonium (Po).