All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the technique called that separates mixtures based on differences in density?
Answer: Centrifugation. High-speed spinning separates components by density differences.
Flashcard 2: What is the key distinction between a colloid and a true solution?
Answer: Colloids have larger particles than true solutions. Colloid particles are larger but still small enough to remain dispersed.
Flashcard 3: Which law relates the solubility of a gas in a liquid to the pressure of the gas above the liquid?
Answer: Henry's Law. Gas solubility is directly proportional to partial pressure above liquid.
Flashcard 4: What term is used for the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature?
Answer: Saturated solution. Equilibrium state where no more solute can dissolve.
Flashcard 5: What is the term for a solution with a pH greater than 7?
Answer: Basic (or alkaline) solution. Low hydrogen ion concentration creates basic conditions.
Flashcard 6: Which term describes a mixture where particles are dispersed throughout but not dissolved?
Answer: Colloid. Intermediate between solution and suspension with dispersed particles.
Flashcard 7: How do you express parts per million (ppm) in terms of mass?
Answer: ppm = mass of solutionmass of solute×106. Expresses very small concentrations as parts per million by mass ratio.
Flashcard 8: What is the term for the layer that forms in a heterogeneous mixture of immiscible liquids?
Answer: Interface. Boundary between two immiscible liquid phases in mixture.
Flashcard 9: Identify the principal distinction between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous mixture.
Answer: Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition; heterogeneous do not. Homogeneous means uniform throughout; heterogeneous has visible distinct phases.
Flashcard 10: Which process involves the separation of a mixture by passing it through a medium where components move at different rates?
Answer: Chromatography. Components move through medium at different rates enabling separation.
Flashcard 11: Which term denotes the concentration of a solution in terms of mole fraction?
Answer: Mole fraction. Ratio of component moles to total moles in mixture.
Flashcard 12: Identify the property that describes how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.
Answer: Solubility. Maximum amount of solute that dissolves at equilibrium conditions.
Flashcard 13: What defines a solution with equal concentrations of solute and solvent on either side of a membrane?
Answer: Isotonic solution. Equal solute concentrations prevent net water movement across membrane.
Flashcard 14: What effect does the addition of a solute have on the vapor pressure of a solvent?
Answer: Vapor pressure reduction. Solute particles decrease vapor pressure below pure solvent value.
Flashcard 15: What is the formula for parts per billion (ppb) in terms of mass?
Answer: ppb = mass of solutionmass of solute×109. Even smaller concentrations expressed as parts per billion by mass.
Flashcard 16: What is the result of adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent in terms of boiling point?
Answer: Boiling point elevation. Solute particles increase the boiling point above pure solvent.
Flashcard 17: What is the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of gases in liquids?
Answer: Solubility of gases decreases with increasing temperature. Higher temperature reduces gas-liquid attractive forces and solubility.
Flashcard 18: What is the term for the process of separating a mixture into its components based on boiling points?
Answer: Distillation. Separation technique exploiting different boiling points of components.
Flashcard 19: What is the formula for molality of a solution?
Answer: Molality = kilograms of solventmoles of solute. Temperature-independent concentration based on solvent mass, not volume.
Flashcard 20: What is a common method for separating a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture?
Answer: Filtration. Physical separation using porous barrier to retain solid particles.
Flashcard 21: Which type of mixture displays the Tyndall effect?
Answer: Colloid. Light scattering distinguishes colloids from true solutions.
Flashcard 22: How do you express parts per million (ppm) in terms of mass?
Answer: ppm = mass of solutionmass of solute×106. Expresses very small concentrations as parts per million by mass ratio.
Flashcard 23: What is the usual effect of pressure on the solubility of solids in liquids?
Answer: Little to no effect. Solid solubility typically independent of pressure changes.
Flashcard 24: What is the term for a solution that has a pH less than 7?
Answer: Acidic solution. High hydrogen ion concentration creates acidic conditions.
Flashcard 25: Identify the effect of a solute on the freezing point of a solvent.
Answer: Freezing point depression. Solute particles lower the freezing point below pure solvent.
Flashcard 26: Which technique uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate small particles from large ones?
Answer: Dialysis. Membrane separation based on particle size differences.
Flashcard 27: Which rule determines the solubility of ionic compounds in water?
Answer: Solubility rules. Empirical guidelines that predict which ionic compounds dissolve in water.
Flashcard 28: What is the key feature of a suspension compared to a solution?
Answer: Particles in a suspension are larger and settle over time. Large particles settle due to gravity, unlike dissolved solutions.
Flashcard 29: What is the formula for calculating the mole fraction of a component in a mixture?
Answer: Mole fraction = total moles of all componentsmoles of component. Expresses relative amount of each component in molar terms.
Flashcard 30: What is the term for the layer that forms in a heterogeneous mixture of immiscible liquids?
Answer: Interface. Boundary between two immiscible liquid phases in mixture.