Okazaki fragments are only produced, and subsequently joined together, in the lagging strand to allow for replication in the opposite direction as replication fork movement. The leading strand, however, allows for continual replication.

All other choices reflect aspects of DNA replication for both the leading and lagging strands.

DNA polymerase III is the enzyme that attaches to the RNA primer and adds DNA nucleotides complementary to the template strand in order to create the new, growing strand.

Primase is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer. Helicase unwinds the DNA and creates the replication fork for other enzymes to bind. Ligase repairs breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone and binds Okazaki fragments together. DNA polymerase I has a number of functions, including replacing the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides.

The correct answer must complementary base pair with the fragment in the 3’ to 5’ direction because the strands run anti-parallel to each other. Only three of the given options that will run anti-parallel, but only one complements the DNA properly.

The lagging strand is the strand of parent DNA that runs in the opposite direction that the replication fork opens. Because DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in direction, RNA primers are added along the length of the newly single parent DNA strand to provide a hydroxyl group onto which DNA polymerase adds nucleotides. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the RNA primer until encountering another primer. These segments of newly synthesized DNA are called Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA. Ligase seals the gaps between DNA, forming a continuous strand.

In the initiation stage of DNA replication, a number of enzymes are involved. These include the initiator proteins in the pre-replication complex, DNA helicase, single stranded binding proteins, and topoisomerase. Topoisomerase is an enzyme that helps relieve winding and unwinding tension in DNA that arise from the helical structure of the DNA molecule. The DNA ahead of the replication fork often becomes tangled and/or supercoiled. Topoisomerase cuts the DNA to relieve the stress and allow the DNA to relax by unwinding a few times.Later during the replication process, the DNA rewinds and these breaks are resealed.

The origin of replication is the sequence of DNA where replication is initiated. The origin of replication often has a high content of adenine and thymine nucleotides because they are only bound together by two hydrogen bonds, making the helix easier to open and unwind. There are multiple origins of replication on each chromosome in eukaryotes, while there is only one origin of replication in prokaryotes. The origin of replication binds to initiator proteins that make up the pre-replication complex, which initiates replication.

DNA ligase is an enzyme responsible for repairing nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and for fusing Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. It accomplishes this task by resynthesizing the phosphodiester bonds that hold the backbone together

The other answers describe the functions of other proteins involved in DNA replication or DNA transcription. Helicase is responsible for unwinding double-stranded nucleic acids and is essential for producing the replication fork during DNA synthesis. Primase synthesizes RNA primers as attachment points for DNA polymerase during replication. RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing a DNA template into RNA products.

Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is commonly used in laboratories to increase the amount of a small biological sample. Given a small sample of DNA, the process replicates the sample to make numerous identical copies. These copies can then be studied directly, used to make protein products, or incorporated into genetic modification.

Other laboratory techniques can be used to achieve the results given by the other answer options.

The primary function of the ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize proteins for transport to the cell exterior or extracellular matrix. These ribosomes produce polypeptides that are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and transported to the membrane. The vesicle then fuses with the membrane, either releasing proteins out of the cell or incorporating them into the cell membrane.

Nuclear ribosomes synthesize replication and transcription proteins into the nucleus, while cytoplasmic ribosomes produce cytoplasmic proteins.

DNA polymerase is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication. It is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA chain in the 5' to 3' direction. This enzyme also has proofreading functionality, which allows it to remove nucleotides that are mispaired in the 3' to 5' direction and replace them with the correct nucleotide.