Mechanisms of Transport - AP Biology
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Identify the water channel proteins in the cell membrane.
Identify the water channel proteins in the cell membrane.
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Aquaporins. These specialized channels transport only water molecules.
Aquaporins. These specialized channels transport only water molecules.
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What is symport?
What is symport?
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Transport of two substances in the same direction across a membrane. Both substances move together in same direction.
Transport of two substances in the same direction across a membrane. Both substances move together in same direction.
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What is membrane potential?
What is membrane potential?
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The voltage difference across a cell's plasma membrane. Results from unequal ion distribution across membrane.
The voltage difference across a cell's plasma membrane. Results from unequal ion distribution across membrane.
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What is the process of removing waste from a cell called?
What is the process of removing waste from a cell called?
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Exocytosis. Vesicles transport waste to the cell surface.
Exocytosis. Vesicles transport waste to the cell surface.
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What is the process of removing waste from a cell called?
What is the process of removing waste from a cell called?
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Exocytosis. Vesicles transport waste to the cell surface.
Exocytosis. Vesicles transport waste to the cell surface.
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Explain the term 'concentration gradient'.
Explain the term 'concentration gradient'.
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The difference in concentration of a substance across a space. This drives the direction of passive transport.
The difference in concentration of a substance across a space. This drives the direction of passive transport.
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Define diffusion.
Define diffusion.
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The movement of particles from high to low concentration. This process continues until equilibrium is reached.
The movement of particles from high to low concentration. This process continues until equilibrium is reached.
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Define exocytosis.
Define exocytosis.
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The process of expelling materials from the cell via vesicles. Vesicles fuse with membrane to release contents.
The process of expelling materials from the cell via vesicles. Vesicles fuse with membrane to release contents.
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What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
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Cell recognition and communication. Sugar chains on proteins enable cellular identification.
Cell recognition and communication. Sugar chains on proteins enable cellular identification.
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Identify a type of protein used in facilitated diffusion.
Identify a type of protein used in facilitated diffusion.
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Channel proteins. These form specific pathways for ion movement.
Channel proteins. These form specific pathways for ion movement.
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Name a protein involved in active transport.
Name a protein involved in active transport.
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Sodium-potassium pump. Maintains cellular ion gradients essential for nerve function.
Sodium-potassium pump. Maintains cellular ion gradients essential for nerve function.
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What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
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To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. This selective permeability controls cellular homeostasis.
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. This selective permeability controls cellular homeostasis.
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What does the term 'selectively permeable' mean?
What does the term 'selectively permeable' mean?
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Allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others. Membrane proteins determine this selective passage.
Allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others. Membrane proteins determine this selective passage.
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What is an isotonic solution?
What is an isotonic solution?
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A solution with equal solute concentration to another. Equal concentrations prevent net water movement.
A solution with equal solute concentration to another. Equal concentrations prevent net water movement.
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What is the function of the proton pump in cells?
What is the function of the proton pump in cells?
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To transport protons across membranes, creating a gradient. Essential for chemiosmosis in cellular respiration.
To transport protons across membranes, creating a gradient. Essential for chemiosmosis in cellular respiration.
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Which type of molecule generally requires facilitated diffusion?
Which type of molecule generally requires facilitated diffusion?
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Polar or charged molecules. These cannot cross the lipid bilayer directly.
Polar or charged molecules. These cannot cross the lipid bilayer directly.
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Identify the term for the movement of ions across a membrane.
Identify the term for the movement of ions across a membrane.
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Ion transport. Charged particles require specific protein channels.
Ion transport. Charged particles require specific protein channels.
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Describe endocytosis.
Describe endocytosis.
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The process of taking in materials by engulfing them in the cell membrane. The cell membrane invaginates to form vesicles.
The process of taking in materials by engulfing them in the cell membrane. The cell membrane invaginates to form vesicles.
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Identify the main component of the cell membrane.
Identify the main component of the cell membrane.
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Phospholipids. These amphipathic molecules form the bilayer structure.
Phospholipids. These amphipathic molecules form the bilayer structure.
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What is active transport?
What is active transport?
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Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy. ATP hydrolysis powers this uphill transport process.
Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy. ATP hydrolysis powers this uphill transport process.
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What is the role of carrier proteins?
What is the role of carrier proteins?
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To transport substances across the cell membrane. They undergo conformational changes to move substances.
To transport substances across the cell membrane. They undergo conformational changes to move substances.
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What role do glycoproteins play in cell membranes?
What role do glycoproteins play in cell membranes?
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They assist in cell-cell recognition. Carbohydrate markers enable immune system recognition.
They assist in cell-cell recognition. Carbohydrate markers enable immune system recognition.
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What is passive transport?
What is passive transport?
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Movement of substances across the membrane without energy input. Driven by concentration gradients and kinetic energy.
Movement of substances across the membrane without energy input. Driven by concentration gradients and kinetic energy.
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What type of transport uses energy: endocytosis or facilitated diffusion?
What type of transport uses energy: endocytosis or facilitated diffusion?
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Endocytosis. Endocytosis requires ATP for membrane deformation and vesicle formation.
Endocytosis. Endocytosis requires ATP for membrane deformation and vesicle formation.
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Identify the gradient used in chemiosmosis.
Identify the gradient used in chemiosmosis.
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Proton gradient. This electrochemical gradient drives ATP synthesis.
Proton gradient. This electrochemical gradient drives ATP synthesis.
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How does temperature generally affect diffusion rate?
How does temperature generally affect diffusion rate?
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Higher temperature increases diffusion rate. Increased kinetic energy accelerates molecular movement.
Higher temperature increases diffusion rate. Increased kinetic energy accelerates molecular movement.
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What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
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To maintain the electrochemical gradient in cells. Essential for nerve impulses and cellular signaling.
To maintain the electrochemical gradient in cells. Essential for nerve impulses and cellular signaling.
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What is cotransport?
What is cotransport?
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The coupled transport of two substances across a membrane. One substance's gradient drives another's transport.
The coupled transport of two substances across a membrane. One substance's gradient drives another's transport.
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What is the key difference between active and passive transport?
What is the key difference between active and passive transport?
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Active transport requires energy, passive does not. Energy requirement distinguishes these transport types.
Active transport requires energy, passive does not. Energy requirement distinguishes these transport types.
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What is the meaning of 'hypertonic' in terms of solution concentration?
What is the meaning of 'hypertonic' in terms of solution concentration?
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A solution with a higher solute concentration than another. Higher solute concentration creates osmotic pressure.
A solution with a higher solute concentration than another. Higher solute concentration creates osmotic pressure.
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