AP Biology

Advanced Placement Biology course covering cellular processes, genetics, evolution, and ecology.

Cellular Structure and FunctionCellular Processes and EnergyGenetics and Heredity
Gene Expression and RegulationEvolution and Natural SelectionEcological Interactions and Ecosystems
Biotechnology in Medicine and AgricultureConservation Biology and Environmental StewardshipGenetic Testing and Personalized Medicine
Mastering Free-Response QuestionsEffective Use of Diagrams and Models
Cellular Structure a...Cellular Processes a...Genetics and Heredit...Gene Expression and ...Evolution and Natura...Ecological Interacti...Biotechnology in Med...Conservation Biology...Genetic Testing and ...Mastering Free-Respo...Effective Use of Dia...
Basic Concepts

Genetics and Heredity

Passing Traits from One Generation to the Next

Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited through DNA. Each organism has genes—segments of DNA that code for proteins, which in turn determine traits.

How Inheritance Works

  • Mendelian Genetics: Traits are inherited in predictable patterns (dominant and recessive).
  • Non-Mendelian Genetics: Includes codominance, incomplete dominance, and polygenic traits, making inheritance more complex.

Mutations and Variation

Sometimes, DNA changes (mutations) introduce new traits. This diversity is vital for evolution and adaptation.

Real-Life Applications

  • Genetic testing can reveal inherited risks for diseases.
  • Selective breeding in agriculture improves crop yields and disease resistance.

Examples

  • A child inherits eye color from both parents through alleles.

  • Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a single gene.

In a Nutshell

Genetics explains how traits are inherited and why we’re all unique.

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Gene Expression and Regulation