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AP Biology

Genetics and Heredity

Learn Genetics and Heredity in AP Biology from the production AIPH study guide.

Study guide topics

Cellular Structure and FunctionCellular Processes and EnergyGenetics and HeredityGene Expression and RegulationEvolution and Natural SelectionEcological Interactions and EcosystemsBiotechnology in Medicine and AgricultureConservation Biology and Environmental StewardshipGenetic Testing and Personalized MedicineMastering Free-Response QuestionsEffective Use of Diagrams and Models

Basic Concepts

In a nutshell: Genetics explains how traits are inherited and why we’re all unique.

## Passing Traits from One Generation to the Next Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited through DNA. Each organism has genes—segments of DNA that code for proteins, which in turn determine traits. ### How Inheritance Works - **Mendelian Genetics**: Traits are inherited in predictable patterns (dominant and recessive). - **Non-Mendelian Genetics**: Includes codominance, incomplete dominance, and polygenic traits, making inheritance more complex. ### Mutations and Variation Sometimes, DNA changes (mutations) introduce new traits. This diversity is vital for evolution and adaptation. ### Real-Life Applications - Genetic testing can reveal inherited risks for diseases. - Selective breeding in agriculture improves crop yields and disease resistance.

Examples

  • A child inherits eye color from both parents through alleles.
  • Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a single gene.
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