All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify the reasoning: “More sleep improves focus, so grades rise with later starts.”
Answer: More sleep improves focus, so grades rise with later starts. This is reasoning—explaining why evidence proves claim.
Flashcard 2: Identify the evidence: “A 2022 study found higher grades after later start times.”
Answer: A 2022 study found higher grades after later start times. This is evidence—specific data supporting the claim.
Flashcard 3: Identify the claim: “School should start later to improve student learning.”
Answer: School should start later to improve student learning. This is the claim—what the speaker wants to prove.
Flashcard 4: What is a counterclaim in an argument?
Answer: An opposing viewpoint that challenges the speaker’s claim. Acknowledging opposing views strengthens arguments.
Flashcard 5: What is the difference between fact and opinion in a speaker’s support?
Answer: Fact is verifiable; opinion is a belief or judgment. Facts can be proven true or false; opinions cannot.
Flashcard 6: Identify the logical fallacy: “It is true because everyone in my class believes it.”
Answer: Bandwagon appeal. Claims truth based on popularity, not evidence.
Flashcard 7: What does it mean to delineate a speaker’s argument?
Answer: To map the argument’s claims, evidence, and reasoning clearly. Breaking down the structure to analyze each component.
Flashcard 8: What is reasoning in an argument?
Answer: The explanation of how evidence supports a claim. The logical connection between evidence and claim.
Flashcard 9: Identify the logical fallacy: “Do not trust her plan; she is lazy.”
Answer: Ad hominem attack. Attacks the person instead of addressing their argument.
Flashcard 10: What does sufficiency of evidence mean when evaluating a speaker’s claim?
Answer: There is enough credible evidence to support the claim. Multiple strong pieces of evidence prove the point.
Flashcard 11: What does credibility mean when evaluating a source used as evidence?
Answer: The source is trustworthy, knowledgeable, and reliable. Credible sources have expertise and no bias.
Flashcard 12: What is evidence in an argument?
Answer: Facts, data, examples, or testimony used to support a claim. Concrete proof that validates each claim made.
Flashcard 13: Identify the logical fallacy: “I saw two rude tourists, so tourists are rude.”
Answer: Hasty generalization. Makes broad conclusion from too few examples.
Flashcard 14: Identify the logical fallacy: “Either ban phones at school or nobody will learn anything.”
Answer: False dilemma. Presents only two extreme options, ignoring middle ground.
Flashcard 15: Which evidence is more sufficient for “The cafeteria needs healthier options”: “Many students complain” or “Survey of 300 students shows demand”?
Answer: Survey of 300 students shows demand. Specific data from 300 students beats vague complaints.
Flashcard 16: Which statement is irrelevant to the claim “We should recycle more at school”: “Recycling reduces waste” or “Our mascot is a tiger”?
Answer: “Our mascot is a tiger”. Mascot info doesn't relate to recycling benefits.
Flashcard 17: Which statement is irrelevant to the claim “Students need uniforms to reduce distractions”? A) fewer outfit comparisons B) my friend likes uniforms C) focus improves D) less bullying
Answer: B) my friend likes uniforms. Personal preference doesn't address distraction reduction.
Flashcard 18: Identify the flaw: “I met two rude tourists, so all tourists are rude.”
Answer: Hasty generalization. Draws broad conclusions from insufficient examples.
Flashcard 19: Which option best shows sufficient evidence for a new cafeteria rule? A) 1 opinion B) 1 example C) multiple reliable sources D) a joke
Answer: C) multiple reliable sources. Multiple sources provide comprehensive, credible support.
Flashcard 20: What does sufficient evidence mean?
Answer: Enough credible support to justify accepting the claim. Sufficient means having adequate quality and quantity of proof.
Flashcard 21: What is the difference between a speaker’s argument and a specific claim?
Answer: Argument = main position; claim = one supporting statement. Argument encompasses the entire stance; claims are individual points supporting it.
Flashcard 22: What does it mean to delineate a speaker’s argument in a speech?
Answer: To clearly outline the claim, reasons, and evidence. Delineating means identifying and organizing the components of the argument.
Flashcard 23: What is a reason in an argument?
Answer: A statement explaining why the claim should be accepted. Reasons provide the logical basis for believing the claim.
Flashcard 24: What does sound reasoning mean in an argument?
Answer: The logic is valid and the conclusion follows from the reasons. Sound reasoning ensures logical connections between premises and conclusions.
Flashcard 25: Identify the flaw: “If we allow phones at lunch, soon students will never study again.”
Answer: Slippery slope. Assumes extreme consequences without logical steps.
Flashcard 26: Identify the evidence type: “A 2023 study found a 20% drop in litter after bins were added.”
Answer: Statistic from a study (research data). Specific data from research provides concrete support.
Flashcard 27: Identify the term for evidence that is true but does not support the claim.
Answer: Irrelevant evidence. True facts can still be irrelevant if they don't relate to the claim.
Flashcard 28: What is the best definition of credible evidence?
Answer: Evidence from trustworthy, accurate, and verifiable sources. Credibility depends on source reliability and accuracy.
Flashcard 29: What does relevant evidence mean?
Answer: Evidence that directly supports the specific claim being made. Relevant evidence must connect logically to the claim.
Flashcard 30: Identify the flaw: “You cannot trust her plan because she is lazy.”
Answer: Ad hominem (attacking the person). Attacks character instead of addressing the argument.