All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is a logical fallacy?
Answer: A flawed pattern of reasoning that weakens an argument. Errors in logic that undermine credibility.
Flashcard 2: Which sentence is evidence (not a reason): “Studies show teens need 8–10 hours of sleep.”
Answer: “Studies show teens need 8–10 hours of sleep.”. Research data serves as concrete evidence.
Flashcard 3: What is a counterclaim?
Answer: An opposing claim that challenges the author’s main claim. Acknowledges opposing viewpoints in the debate.
Flashcard 4: Identify the evidence type: “A 2022 survey of 500 students found fewer dress-code conflicts.”
Answer: Statistic (survey data). Numerical data provides concrete support.
Flashcard 5: Which evidence is most relevant to “Later start times improve teen alertness”: “Teens need sleep” or “The bus is loud”?
Answer: “Teens need sleep”. Sleep directly relates to alertness; buses don't.
Flashcard 6: Identify the irrelevant evidence: “Recycling reduces landfill waste; my favorite color is green.”
Answer: “My favorite color is green.”. Personal preference doesn't support recycling benefits.
Flashcard 7: What is a rebuttal?
Answer: A response that refutes a counterclaim with reasons and evidence. Defends against counterclaims with proof.
Flashcard 8: Which best signals a counterclaim: “For example” or “Some argue that”?
Answer: “Some argue that”. This phrase introduces opposing viewpoints.
Flashcard 9: Identify the fallacy: “Either we ban phones at school or no one will learn anything.”
Answer: False dilemma (either-or). Presents only two extreme options, ignoring middle ground.
Flashcard 10: Identify the fallacy: “A celebrity says this diet works, so it must be true.”
Answer: Appeal to authority. Fame doesn't equal expertise in health/nutrition.
Flashcard 11: What is the difference between a claim and evidence?
Answer: A claim is an assertion; evidence is support such as facts or data. Claims state what's true; evidence proves it.
Flashcard 12: What is a specific claim within an argument?
Answer: A focused statement that supports the author’s overall argument. A sub-point that helps build the main argument.
Flashcard 13: What is an author’s argument in an informational text?
Answer: The overall position or claim the author is trying to prove. The main thesis the author wants readers to accept.
Flashcard 14: Which question best tests evidence relevance: “Does this support the claim?” or “Is this interesting?”
Answer: “Does this support the claim?”. Relevance means direct connection to the claim.
Flashcard 15: Identify the claim: “School uniforms should be required because they reduce distractions.”
Answer: School uniforms should be required. The main assertion the author wants to prove.
Flashcard 16: Identify the reason: “School uniforms should be required because they reduce distractions.”
Answer: They reduce distractions. The 'because' part explains why the claim is true.
Flashcard 17: What does it mean for evidence to be sufficient?
Answer: There is enough credible support to justify the claim. Enough quality evidence to prove the point.
Flashcard 18: What does it mean for evidence to be relevant?
Answer: It directly relates to and supports the specific claim. Evidence must connect to the claim being made.
Flashcard 19: What does it mean for reasoning to be sound?
Answer: It is logical, consistent, and free of major fallacies. Valid logic without errors in thinking.
Flashcard 20: What does it mean to delineate an argument?
Answer: To identify the claim, reasons, and evidence and how they connect. Breaking down the argument's structure and components.
Flashcard 21: What does relevant evidence mean in an argument?
Answer: Evidence that directly supports the specific claim. It must connect to and prove the claim.
Flashcard 22: What does sufficient evidence mean in an argument?
Answer: Enough credible support to justify accepting the claim. Quality and quantity matter for proof.
Flashcard 23: What is a claim in an argument (as used in RI.8.8)?
Answer: A specific statement the author asserts is true. Claims are debatable points that need evidence.
Flashcard 24: What does it mean to delineate an argument in a text?
Answer: Identify the main claim, reasons, and supporting evidence. Break down the argument into its components.
Flashcard 25: What is an irrelevant piece of evidence?
Answer: Information that does not support the claim being argued. It's unrelated to proving the point.
Flashcard 26: Identify the claim: “School should start later to improve learning.”
Answer: School should start later to improve learning. This is the claim being argued.
Flashcard 27: Identify the evidence type: “A 2022 study found higher test scores after later starts.”
Answer: Research study (statistical/scientific evidence). Studies provide empirical data support.
Flashcard 28: Which is more relevant to “Later starts improve grades”: sleep data or cafeteria menu ratings?
Answer: Sleep data. Sleep directly relates to morning performance.
Flashcard 29: Identify the irrelevant evidence: “Later starts help teens. Also, our mascot is popular.”
Answer: “Our mascot is popular.”. Mascot popularity doesn't relate to start times.
Flashcard 30: Which sentence is a reason (not evidence): “Teens need more sleep, so mornings are harder.”
Answer: “Teens need more sleep, so mornings are harder.”. Reasons explain why; evidence shows facts.