Practice Test 4

Read the passage and answer the question.

During the 1930s, the Great Depression caused many banks to fail and left millions unemployed. This event affected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who faced pressure from struggling families and business owners. Roosevelt supported the idea that government should take a larger role in stabilizing the economy. That idea shaped his New Deal programs, including job-creation projects and new rules for banks. As New Deal programs expanded, some Americans began to expect the government to respond during economic crises, which changed public debates about the meaning of “security” and “opportunity.” At the same time, critics argued that too much government power could threaten freedom, and their arguments influenced later elections and policies.

How did the Great Depression (event) most directly influence Roosevelt (individual) in the passage?

Read the passage and answer the question.

In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur’s experiments supported the germ theory of disease, the idea that tiny organisms can cause illness. This idea influenced doctors like Joseph Lister, who began using antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection. When hospitals adopted these practices, infection rates dropped, and that success became an event that convinced more medical schools to teach sterilization. As more surgeons followed the new methods, the public started trusting hospitals more, and governments invested in cleaner water systems. Over time, germ theory also shaped everyday habits, such as handwashing, because people connected cleanliness with preventing disease.

Which choice best traces the chain of influence described in the passage?