Intermediate is created and destroyed, and therefore does not appear on the net equation, which is . Thus, the intermediate is . Note that when asked for an intermediate, the coefficient in front of it is not used, rather we are looking for the species that is a product of one reaction and a reactant in a subsequent step.

Reduction always takes place at the cathode. This means that a substance is receiving electrons.

In the reaction, the gold ions are receiving electrons in order to create gold atoms. This takes place at the cathode.

Copper ions and gold are products, and will not be oxidized or reduced. Copper is reduced at the anode during this reaction.

There are two concepts to consider in this problem. First, the question asks for the . Reaction 3 has being reduced so the potential for the half reaction becomes negative. half reaction appears the same in reaction 3 so the potential is the same. Second, negative voltages indicate non-spontaneity and positive voltages are spontaneous.

When the concentration of B doubles, the rate doubles. Making this reaction first order in regards to compound B. When the concentration of A doubles the rate is unaffected, making this reaction zero order in regards to compound A. This leaves a rate law of rate=k\[B\]

The reactant is not included in the rate law expression, and therefore altering its concentration does not affect the rate of the reaction. Catalysts always increase the rate of reactions by lowering its activation energy. Increasing temperature (average kinetic energy of the molecules) increases the frequency of collisions, and increases the proportion of collisions that have enough energy to overcome the activation energy and undergo a chemical reaction. Increasing the concentration of will increase the rate of the reaction as indicated by the rate law.

A zero-order reaction has a rate of formation of product that is independent of changes in concentrations of any of the reactants; however, since the rate constant itself is dependent on temperture, changing the temperature can alter the rate.

Intermediate is created and destroyed, and therefore does not appear on the net equation, which is . Thus, the intermediate is . Note that when asked for an intermediate, the coefficient in front of it is not used, rather we are looking for the species that is a product of one reaction and a reactant in a subsequent step.

First order reactions have rates that are directly proportional to only 1 reactant. In radioactive decay, the rate of decrease of a radioactive material is proportional only to the amount of the material.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the system and the entropy of the surroundings is equal to the entropy of the universe. The rest of the answer choices are not one of the fundamental laws of themodynamics.