Telomeres and centromeres are composed of heterochromatin. In contrast to euchromatin, heterochromatin's genes are generally in an inactive state. This is because the genetic material is highly condensed. Often, heterochromatin is thought of as "junk DNA". Since telomeres are slowly being degraded during DNA replication, the cell does not want to have active or important genes in this area. Same goes for centromeres, where there is the possibility of chromatids not separating evenly across the centromere in anaphase.

Proofreading occurs during the elongation phase of transcription. RNA polymerase's movement over the DNA template strand includes a backtracking motion that allows RNA polymerase to proofread the newly synthesized RNA transcript.

Telomeres and centromeres are composed of heterochromatin. In contrast to euchromatin, heterochromatin's genes are generally in an inactive state. This is because the genetic material is highly condensed. Often, heterochromatin is thought of as "junk DNA". Since telomeres are slowly being degraded during DNA replication, the cell does not want to have active or important genes in this area. Same goes for centromeres, where there is the possibility of chromatids not separating evenly across the centromere in anaphase.

Proofreading occurs during the elongation phase of transcription. RNA polymerase's movement over the DNA template strand includes a backtracking motion that allows RNA polymerase to proofread the newly synthesized RNA transcript.

When finding the mRNA transcript from a template, there are two things to keep in mind:

1. The template strand will be complementary to the transcript, so it will be read in the opposite direction

2. Since the template strand is made from DNA, it will have thymine bases instead of uracil (which is found in RNA in place of thymine).

First, we can reverse the direction of our given DNA sequence.

5'-TACGCATT-3'

3'-TTACGCAT-5'

Then, complete each base pair. Guanine (G) and cytosine (C) always pair, and adenine (A) and thymine (T) always pair. In this case, since we are dealing with RNA, uracil (U) will have an adenine complement.

5'-AAUGCGUA-3'

When finding the mRNA transcript from a template, there are two things to keep in mind:

1. The template strand will be complementary to the transcript, so it will be read in the opposite direction

2. Since the template strand is made from DNA, it will have thymine bases instead of uracil (which is found in RNA in place of thymine).

First, we can reverse the direction of our given DNA sequence.

5'-TACGCATT-3'

3'-TTACGCAT-5'

Then, complete each base pair. Guanine (G) and cytosine (C) always pair, and adenine (A) and thymine (T) always pair. In this case, since we are dealing with RNA, uracil (U) will have an adenine complement.

5'-AAUGCGUA-3'

RNA polymerase transcribes a DNA template in the 3' to 5' direction, creating an RNA molecule 5' to 3'. The DNA sequence given in the question therefore needs to be flipped around and read in the 3' to 5' direction in order to determine the resulting what the RNA sequence will be 5' to 3'. Additionally, the nitrogenous base thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) in RNA, so every location where a T would go in the RNA sequence needs to be replaced by a U.

RNA polymerase transcribes a DNA template in the 3' to 5' direction, creating an RNA molecule 5' to 3'. The DNA sequence given in the question therefore needs to be flipped around and read in the 3' to 5' direction in order to determine the resulting what the RNA sequence will be 5' to 3'. Additionally, the nitrogenous base thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) in RNA, so every location where a T would go in the RNA sequence needs to be replaced by a U.

Okazaki fragments are only produced, and subsequently joined together, in the lagging strand to allow for replication in the opposite direction as replication fork movement. The leading strand, however, allows for continual replication.

All other choices reflect aspects of DNA replication for both the leading and lagging strands.

Okazaki fragments are only produced, and subsequently joined together, in the lagging strand to allow for replication in the opposite direction as replication fork movement. The leading strand, however, allows for continual replication.

All other choices reflect aspects of DNA replication for both the leading and lagging strands.