Diagnostic Test 19 Practice Test

A developmental psychologist contends that bilingual exposure in early childhood strengthens executive control, especially task switching, because young children must frequently manage competition between active linguistic systems. The claim is not that bilingual children mature faster overall, but that the daily practice of selecting one language while inhibiting the other generalizes to nonverbal control tasks. To test this idea, the researcher looks for performance advantages on neutral switching games that cannot be attributed to vocabulary size or parental education. The theory predicts that even toddlers with limited expressive vocabularies can show benefits if they regularly hear and use two languages, provided confounds like socioeconomic status are controlled.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the scholar's claim?

Educators often praise retrieval practice tests for boosting memory, but some argue that rereading is equally effective for building deep understanding. I contend the opposite: when study time is held constant, retrieval practice is superior for conceptual transfer, not just rote recall. The mechanism is that pulling information from memory reorganizes knowledge, making it more flexible. A decisive test would compare equally timed study conditions and measure performance on novel application problems, not merely verbatim questions, and track whether any advantage persists beyond a day.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the scholar's claim?