Race, Ethnicity, and Racialization (9B) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations
Card 1 of 30
What is racism?
What is racism?
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Prejudice plus power that produces systemic racial inequality. Requires institutional power, not just individual bias.
Prejudice plus power that produces systemic racial inequality. Requires institutional power, not just individual bias.
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What is the sociological definition of ethnicity?
What is the sociological definition of ethnicity?
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Shared cultural heritage such as language, customs, and ancestry. Based on cultural practices, not physical appearance.
Shared cultural heritage such as language, customs, and ancestry. Based on cultural practices, not physical appearance.
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What is the sociological definition of race as used in MCAT psychology/sociology?
What is the sociological definition of race as used in MCAT psychology/sociology?
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A socially constructed category based on perceived physical traits. Emphasizes social construction, not biological reality.
A socially constructed category based on perceived physical traits. Emphasizes social construction, not biological reality.
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Which term describes the belief that race has a biological, genetically fixed basis?
Which term describes the belief that race has a biological, genetically fixed basis?
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Biological essentialism. Incorrectly assumes race has genetic basis.
Biological essentialism. Incorrectly assumes race has genetic basis.
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What is colorism?
What is colorism?
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Preference and privilege for lighter skin within a racial/ethnic group. Discrimination based on skin tone, not just race.
Preference and privilege for lighter skin within a racial/ethnic group. Discrimination based on skin tone, not just race.
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What is institutional (structural) racism?
What is institutional (structural) racism?
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Systemic inequity produced by laws, policies, and institutions. Embedded in societal structures, not individual acts.
Systemic inequity produced by laws, policies, and institutions. Embedded in societal structures, not individual acts.
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What is stereotype threat?
What is stereotype threat?
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Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotype causes actual performance decline.
Performance impairment from fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotype causes actual performance decline.
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What is a stereotype?
What is a stereotype?
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An overgeneralized belief about a group. Fixed, oversimplified image applied to all group members.
An overgeneralized belief about a group. Fixed, oversimplified image applied to all group members.
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What is internalized racism?
What is internalized racism?
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Acceptance of negative racial beliefs by members of the targeted group. When oppressed groups believe negative stereotypes about themselves.
Acceptance of negative racial beliefs by members of the targeted group. When oppressed groups believe negative stereotypes about themselves.
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What is interpersonal racism?
What is interpersonal racism?
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Racist acts or behaviors occurring between individuals. Direct person-to-person discriminatory actions.
Racist acts or behaviors occurring between individuals. Direct person-to-person discriminatory actions.
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What is discrimination?
What is discrimination?
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Unequal treatment of people based on group membership. Prejudice put into action through differential treatment.
Unequal treatment of people based on group membership. Prejudice put into action through differential treatment.
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Identify the concept: A student underperforms after being reminded of a stereotype about their group.
Identify the concept: A student underperforms after being reminded of a stereotype about their group.
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Stereotype threat. Awareness of stereotype triggers anxiety and poor performance.
Stereotype threat. Awareness of stereotype triggers anxiety and poor performance.
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What is passing in the context of race?
What is passing in the context of race?
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Being perceived as a member of a different racial group. When racial identity is misperceived or hidden.
Being perceived as a member of a different racial group. When racial identity is misperceived or hidden.
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What is the one-drop rule historically used in the United States?
What is the one-drop rule historically used in the United States?
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Any African ancestry classified a person as Black. Historical legal principle defining racial boundaries.
Any African ancestry classified a person as Black. Historical legal principle defining racial boundaries.
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Which concept describes racism that is embedded in normal, everyday institutional practices?
Which concept describes racism that is embedded in normal, everyday institutional practices?
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Structural racism. Same as institutional racism; built into systems.
Structural racism. Same as institutional racism; built into systems.
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Identify the concept: A hospital policy is race-neutral but yields worse outcomes for one race.
Identify the concept: A hospital policy is race-neutral but yields worse outcomes for one race.
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Institutional (structural) racism via disparate impact. Neutral policies can still create racial disparities.
Institutional (structural) racism via disparate impact. Neutral policies can still create racial disparities.
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What is the key distinction between race and ethnicity on the MCAT?
What is the key distinction between race and ethnicity on the MCAT?
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Race is socially assigned; ethnicity is cultural identification. Race is imposed by society; ethnicity is self-chosen.
Race is socially assigned; ethnicity is cultural identification. Race is imposed by society; ethnicity is self-chosen.
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What is racialization?
What is racialization?
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Assigning racial meaning to a group, practice, or relationship. Process of creating racial categories where none existed.
Assigning racial meaning to a group, practice, or relationship. Process of creating racial categories where none existed.
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What is the definition of out-group in social psychology?
What is the definition of out-group in social psychology?
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A group perceived as not belonging to one’s in-group. Those seen as different from one's own group.
A group perceived as not belonging to one’s in-group. Those seen as different from one's own group.
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What is the definition of in-group in social psychology?
What is the definition of in-group in social psychology?
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A group with which a person identifies and feels membership. Creates sense of belonging and shared identity.
A group with which a person identifies and feels membership. Creates sense of belonging and shared identity.
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What is the difference between individual racism and institutional racism?
What is the difference between individual racism and institutional racism?
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Individual: personal bias; institutional: systemic policies and practices. Personal actions vs. organizational structures.
Individual: personal bias; institutional: systemic policies and practices. Personal actions vs. organizational structures.
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What is the difference between stereotype and prejudice?
What is the difference between stereotype and prejudice?
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Stereotype is a belief; prejudice is an evaluative attitude. Stereotypes are cognitive; prejudice adds emotional judgment.
Stereotype is a belief; prejudice is an evaluative attitude. Stereotypes are cognitive; prejudice adds emotional judgment.
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What is stereotyping in the context of race and ethnicity?
What is stereotyping in the context of race and ethnicity?
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Overgeneralized beliefs about characteristics of group members. Assumes all members share the same traits.
Overgeneralized beliefs about characteristics of group members. Assumes all members share the same traits.
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What is discrimination, as distinguished from prejudice?
What is discrimination, as distinguished from prejudice?
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Unequal behavior or treatment toward a group. Actions taken based on group membership.
Unequal behavior or treatment toward a group. Actions taken based on group membership.
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What is prejudice, as distinguished from discrimination?
What is prejudice, as distinguished from discrimination?
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A negative attitude or belief about a group. Internal thoughts/feelings, not necessarily acted upon.
A negative attitude or belief about a group. Internal thoughts/feelings, not necessarily acted upon.
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Which term describes the everyday, subtle insults or slights toward marginalized racial groups?
Which term describes the everyday, subtle insults or slights toward marginalized racial groups?
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Microaggressions. Brief, often unintentional acts that communicate bias.
Microaggressions. Brief, often unintentional acts that communicate bias.
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Which term describes unequal treatment based on race that is embedded in institutions?
Which term describes unequal treatment based on race that is embedded in institutions?
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Institutional racism. Policies and practices that create racial inequality.
Institutional racism. Policies and practices that create racial inequality.
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What is racialization in sociology?
What is racialization in sociology?
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The process of assigning racial meaning to people, groups, or practices. Making something racial that wasn't previously seen that way.
The process of assigning racial meaning to people, groups, or practices. Making something racial that wasn't previously seen that way.
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What is the sociological definition of ethnicity as used on the MCAT?
What is the sociological definition of ethnicity as used on the MCAT?
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Shared cultural traits such as language, religion, history, and customs. Cultural identity markers that groups share and pass down.
Shared cultural traits such as language, religion, history, and customs. Cultural identity markers that groups share and pass down.
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What is the sociological definition of race as used on the MCAT?
What is the sociological definition of race as used on the MCAT?
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A socially constructed category based on perceived physical traits. Not biological but based on society's interpretation of appearance.
A socially constructed category based on perceived physical traits. Not biological but based on society's interpretation of appearance.
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