All flashcards
Flashcard 1: State the formula for population growth rate including net migration.
Answer: r = rac{ ext{CBR} - ext{CDR}}{1000} + rac{ ext{NMR}}{1000}. Adds net migration to natural increase calculation.
Flashcard 2: What is net migration rate (NMR) in demographic terms?
Answer: Immigration minus emigration per 1000 people per year. Positive values indicate net immigration.
Flashcard 3: What is the definition of population doubling time?
Answer: Time required for a population to double in size at a constant r. Assumes exponential growth continues unchanged.
Flashcard 4: What is the Rule of 70 approximation for doubling time?
Answer: td≈100r70 when r is expressed as a decimal. Quick estimate: divide 70 by percentage growth rate.
Flashcard 5: Identify the demographic transition stage with falling birth rates and low death rates.
Answer: Stage 3 (industrial). Birth rates decline following earlier mortality decline.
Flashcard 6: Which growth pattern is described by dtdN=rN(1−KN)?
Answer: Logistic growth. Growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity.
Flashcard 7: Which growth pattern is described by dtdN=rN?
Answer: Exponential growth. Growth rate proportional to current population size.
Flashcard 8: State the formula for natural increase rate (ignoring migration).
Answer: r = rac{ ext{CBR} - ext{CDR}}{1000}. Converts per-thousand rates to decimal growth rate.
Flashcard 9: Identify the demographic transition stage with low birth and low death rates.
Answer: Stage 4 (postindustrial). Population stabilizes with minimal natural increase.
Flashcard 10: Which option best describes population momentum after fertility drops to replacement?
Answer: Continued growth due to a large cohort entering reproductive ages. Young age structure sustains growth despite low fertility.
Flashcard 11: Identify the demographic transition stage with high birth and high death rates.
Answer: Stage 1 (preindustrial). Minimal population growth due to balanced rates.
Flashcard 12: What does carrying capacity K represent in logistic growth?
Answer: Maximum sustainable population size given environmental limits. Resources and space limit population growth.
Flashcard 13: Identify the demographic transition stage with falling death rates but high birth rates.
Answer: Stage 2 (transitional/early industrial). Rapid population growth begins as mortality declines.
Flashcard 14: What is the definition of fertility rate in a population?
Answer: Number of live births per unit population in a given time period. Measures reproductive output of a population per time unit.
Flashcard 15: What is the definition of mortality rate in a population?
Answer: Number of deaths per unit population in a given time period. Measures population loss through death per time unit.
Flashcard 16: What is the definition of infant mortality rate (IMR)?
Answer: Deaths under age 1 per 1000 live births in a year. Specifically tracks deaths in the first year of life.
Flashcard 17: What is replacement-level fertility in developed countries?
Answer: Approximately 2.1 births per woman. Accounts for infant mortality requiring slightly above 2.
Flashcard 18: What is the definition of crude birth rate (CBR)?
Answer: Annual live births per 1000 people in the population. Standardized per 1000 people for easy comparison.
Flashcard 19: What is the definition of crude death rate (CDR)?
Answer: Annual deaths per 1000 people in the population. Standardized per 1000 people for easy comparison.
Flashcard 20: What is the formula for rate of natural increase (RNI) using crude rates?
Answer: rac{ ext{CBR}- ext{CDR}}{10} percent per year. Dividing by 10 converts per thousand to percentage.
Flashcard 21: What is the definition of the total fertility rate (TFR)?
Answer: Average number of children per woman over her lifetime. Indicates reproductive output per woman in a population.
Flashcard 22: What is population momentum?
Answer: Continued growth after fertility declines due to a young age structure. Large cohorts of reproductive age maintain growth despite lower TFR.
Flashcard 23: What is the definition of net migration rate?
Answer: Immigrants minus emigrants per 1,000 people per year. Positive values indicate net immigration; negative means net emigration.
Flashcard 24: Calculate RNI: If CBR is 30 and CDR is 10, what is RNI in percent per year?
Answer: 2.0% per year. RNI = rac{30-10}{10} = rac{20}{10} = 2.0\%
Flashcard 25: What is life expectancy at birth?
Answer: Average years a newborn is expected to live given current rates. Reflects overall health conditions and mortality patterns.
Flashcard 26: What is demographic transition model (DTM) Stage 4 characterized by?
Answer: Low birth and death rates; stable or slow growth. Post-transition equilibrium with low vital rates.
Flashcard 27: In DTT Stage 2, which change is the primary driver of rapid population growth?
Answer: Death rate falls while birth rate remains high. Medical advances reduce mortality before fertility declines.
Flashcard 28: In DTT Stage 3, what happens to birth rates and why is growth slowed?
Answer: Birth rate declines (contraception, urbanization, education). Social changes reduce desired family size.
Flashcard 29: State the formula for overall population growth rate including net migration.
Answer: rac{( ext{CBR}- ext{CDR})+ ext{net migration}}{10} (percent/yr). Combines natural increase with migration effects.
Flashcard 30: State the formula for natural increase rate (NIR) using CBR and CDR.
Answer: rac{ ext{CBR}- ext{CDR}}{10} (percent per year). Converts per-thousand difference to percentage growth.