Fertility, Mortality, and Population Growth (9B) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations
Card 1 of 30
State the formula for population growth rate including net migration.
State the formula for population growth rate including net migration.
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$r = rac{ ext{CBR} - ext{CDR}}{1000} + rac{ ext{NMR}}{1000}$. Adds net migration to natural increase calculation.
$r = rac{ ext{CBR} - ext{CDR}}{1000} + rac{ ext{NMR}}{1000}$. Adds net migration to natural increase calculation.
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What is net migration rate (NMR) in demographic terms?
What is net migration rate (NMR) in demographic terms?
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Immigration minus emigration per $1000$ people per year. Positive values indicate net immigration.
Immigration minus emigration per $1000$ people per year. Positive values indicate net immigration.
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What is the definition of population doubling time?
What is the definition of population doubling time?
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Time required for a population to double in size at a constant $r$. Assumes exponential growth continues unchanged.
Time required for a population to double in size at a constant $r$. Assumes exponential growth continues unchanged.
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What is the Rule of $70$ approximation for doubling time?
What is the Rule of $70$ approximation for doubling time?
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$t_d \approx \frac{70}{100r}$ when $r$ is expressed as a decimal. Quick estimate: divide 70 by percentage growth rate.
$t_d \approx \frac{70}{100r}$ when $r$ is expressed as a decimal. Quick estimate: divide 70 by percentage growth rate.
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Identify the demographic transition stage with falling birth rates and low death rates.
Identify the demographic transition stage with falling birth rates and low death rates.
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Stage $3$ (industrial). Birth rates decline following earlier mortality decline.
Stage $3$ (industrial). Birth rates decline following earlier mortality decline.
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Which growth pattern is described by $\frac{dN}{dt} = rN\left(1-\frac{N}{K}\right)$?
Which growth pattern is described by $\frac{dN}{dt} = rN\left(1-\frac{N}{K}\right)$?
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Logistic growth. Growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity.
Logistic growth. Growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity.
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Which growth pattern is described by $\frac{dN}{dt} = rN$?
Which growth pattern is described by $\frac{dN}{dt} = rN$?
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Exponential growth. Growth rate proportional to current population size.
Exponential growth. Growth rate proportional to current population size.
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State the formula for natural increase rate (ignoring migration).
State the formula for natural increase rate (ignoring migration).
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$r = rac{ ext{CBR} - ext{CDR}}{1000}$. Converts per-thousand rates to decimal growth rate.
$r = rac{ ext{CBR} - ext{CDR}}{1000}$. Converts per-thousand rates to decimal growth rate.
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Identify the demographic transition stage with low birth and low death rates.
Identify the demographic transition stage with low birth and low death rates.
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Stage $4$ (postindustrial). Population stabilizes with minimal natural increase.
Stage $4$ (postindustrial). Population stabilizes with minimal natural increase.
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Which option best describes population momentum after fertility drops to replacement?
Which option best describes population momentum after fertility drops to replacement?
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Continued growth due to a large cohort entering reproductive ages. Young age structure sustains growth despite low fertility.
Continued growth due to a large cohort entering reproductive ages. Young age structure sustains growth despite low fertility.
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Identify the demographic transition stage with high birth and high death rates.
Identify the demographic transition stage with high birth and high death rates.
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Stage $1$ (preindustrial). Minimal population growth due to balanced rates.
Stage $1$ (preindustrial). Minimal population growth due to balanced rates.
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What does carrying capacity $K$ represent in logistic growth?
What does carrying capacity $K$ represent in logistic growth?
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Maximum sustainable population size given environmental limits. Resources and space limit population growth.
Maximum sustainable population size given environmental limits. Resources and space limit population growth.
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Identify the demographic transition stage with falling death rates but high birth rates.
Identify the demographic transition stage with falling death rates but high birth rates.
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Stage $2$ (transitional/early industrial). Rapid population growth begins as mortality declines.
Stage $2$ (transitional/early industrial). Rapid population growth begins as mortality declines.
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What is the definition of fertility rate in a population?
What is the definition of fertility rate in a population?
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Number of live births per unit population in a given time period. Measures reproductive output of a population per time unit.
Number of live births per unit population in a given time period. Measures reproductive output of a population per time unit.
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What is the definition of mortality rate in a population?
What is the definition of mortality rate in a population?
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Number of deaths per unit population in a given time period. Measures population loss through death per time unit.
Number of deaths per unit population in a given time period. Measures population loss through death per time unit.
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What is the definition of infant mortality rate (IMR)?
What is the definition of infant mortality rate (IMR)?
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Deaths under age 1 per $1000$ live births in a year. Specifically tracks deaths in the first year of life.
Deaths under age 1 per $1000$ live births in a year. Specifically tracks deaths in the first year of life.
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What is replacement-level fertility in developed countries?
What is replacement-level fertility in developed countries?
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Approximately $2.1$ births per woman. Accounts for infant mortality requiring slightly above 2.
Approximately $2.1$ births per woman. Accounts for infant mortality requiring slightly above 2.
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What is the definition of crude birth rate (CBR)?
What is the definition of crude birth rate (CBR)?
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Annual live births per $1000$ people in the population. Standardized per 1000 people for easy comparison.
Annual live births per $1000$ people in the population. Standardized per 1000 people for easy comparison.
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What is the definition of crude death rate (CDR)?
What is the definition of crude death rate (CDR)?
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Annual deaths per $1000$ people in the population. Standardized per 1000 people for easy comparison.
Annual deaths per $1000$ people in the population. Standardized per 1000 people for easy comparison.
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What is the formula for rate of natural increase (RNI) using crude rates?
What is the formula for rate of natural increase (RNI) using crude rates?
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$ rac{ ext{CBR}- ext{CDR}}{10}$ percent per year. Dividing by $10$ converts per thousand to percentage.
$ rac{ ext{CBR}- ext{CDR}}{10}$ percent per year. Dividing by $10$ converts per thousand to percentage.
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What is the definition of the total fertility rate (TFR)?
What is the definition of the total fertility rate (TFR)?
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Average number of children per woman over her lifetime. Indicates reproductive output per woman in a population.
Average number of children per woman over her lifetime. Indicates reproductive output per woman in a population.
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What is population momentum?
What is population momentum?
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Continued growth after fertility declines due to a young age structure. Large cohorts of reproductive age maintain growth despite lower TFR.
Continued growth after fertility declines due to a young age structure. Large cohorts of reproductive age maintain growth despite lower TFR.
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What is the definition of net migration rate?
What is the definition of net migration rate?
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Immigrants minus emigrants per $1{,}000$ people per year. Positive values indicate net immigration; negative means net emigration.
Immigrants minus emigrants per $1{,}000$ people per year. Positive values indicate net immigration; negative means net emigration.
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Calculate RNI: If CBR is $30$ and CDR is $10$, what is RNI in percent per year?
Calculate RNI: If CBR is $30$ and CDR is $10$, what is RNI in percent per year?
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$2.0%$ per year. RNI $= rac{30-10}{10} = rac{20}{10} = 2.0%$
$2.0%$ per year. RNI $= rac{30-10}{10} = rac{20}{10} = 2.0%$
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What is life expectancy at birth?
What is life expectancy at birth?
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Average years a newborn is expected to live given current rates. Reflects overall health conditions and mortality patterns.
Average years a newborn is expected to live given current rates. Reflects overall health conditions and mortality patterns.
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What is demographic transition model (DTM) Stage $4$ characterized by?
What is demographic transition model (DTM) Stage $4$ characterized by?
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Low birth and death rates; stable or slow growth. Post-transition equilibrium with low vital rates.
Low birth and death rates; stable or slow growth. Post-transition equilibrium with low vital rates.
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In DTT Stage $2$, which change is the primary driver of rapid population growth?
In DTT Stage $2$, which change is the primary driver of rapid population growth?
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Death rate falls while birth rate remains high. Medical advances reduce mortality before fertility declines.
Death rate falls while birth rate remains high. Medical advances reduce mortality before fertility declines.
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In DTT Stage $3$, what happens to birth rates and why is growth slowed?
In DTT Stage $3$, what happens to birth rates and why is growth slowed?
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Birth rate declines (contraception, urbanization, education). Social changes reduce desired family size.
Birth rate declines (contraception, urbanization, education). Social changes reduce desired family size.
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State the formula for overall population growth rate including net migration.
State the formula for overall population growth rate including net migration.
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$ rac{( ext{CBR}- ext{CDR})+ ext{net migration}}{10}$ (percent/yr). Combines natural increase with migration effects.
$ rac{( ext{CBR}- ext{CDR})+ ext{net migration}}{10}$ (percent/yr). Combines natural increase with migration effects.
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State the formula for natural increase rate (NIR) using CBR and CDR.
State the formula for natural increase rate (NIR) using CBR and CDR.
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$ rac{ ext{CBR}- ext{CDR}}{10}$ (percent per year). Converts per-thousand difference to percentage growth.
$ rac{ ext{CBR}- ext{CDR}}{10}$ (percent per year). Converts per-thousand difference to percentage growth.
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