Demographic Transition and Population Pyramids (9B) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations
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Which demographic transition stage is defined by falling birth rate with low death rate?
Which demographic transition stage is defined by falling birth rate with low death rate?
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Stage $3$ (industrial/late industrial). Birth rates decline to match already-low death rates.
Stage $3$ (industrial/late industrial). Birth rates decline to match already-low death rates.
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Which DTM stage best matches: low death rate, falling birth rate, and continued but slowing growth?
Which DTM stage best matches: low death rate, falling birth rate, and continued but slowing growth?
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Stage 3. Classic Stage 3 pattern: mortality transition complete, fertility declining.
Stage 3. Classic Stage 3 pattern: mortality transition complete, fertility declining.
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Calculate RNI if $\text{CBR} = 30$ per $1000$ and $\text{CDR} = 10$ per $1000$ (ignore migration).
Calculate RNI if $\text{CBR} = 30$ per $1000$ and $\text{CDR} = 10$ per $1000$ (ignore migration).
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$20$ per $1000$ per year (about $2.0%$ per year). RNI = $30 - 10 = 20$ per $1000$ (divide by $10$ for percent).
$20$ per $1000$ per year (about $2.0%$ per year). RNI = $30 - 10 = 20$ per $1000$ (divide by $10$ for percent).
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Identify the most likely cause of a sudden notch affecting mainly males in one adult age cohort.
Identify the most likely cause of a sudden notch affecting mainly males in one adult age cohort.
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War or sex-specific mortality concentrated in that cohort. Wars disproportionately kill young adult males.
War or sex-specific mortality concentrated in that cohort. Wars disproportionately kill young adult males.
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Which DTM stage typically has the highest rate of natural increase (RNI)?
Which DTM stage typically has the highest rate of natural increase (RNI)?
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Stage 2. Maximum gap between births and deaths occurs in early transition.
Stage 2. Maximum gap between births and deaths occurs in early transition.
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What is the demographic transition model (DTM) intended to describe about a country over time?
What is the demographic transition model (DTM) intended to describe about a country over time?
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Shifts in birth and death rates as a country industrializes. DTM tracks how population dynamics change with industrialization.
Shifts in birth and death rates as a country industrializes. DTM tracks how population dynamics change with industrialization.
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What defines DTM Stage 1 (high stationary) in terms of birth and death rates?
What defines DTM Stage 1 (high stationary) in terms of birth and death rates?
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High birth rate and high death rate; minimal net growth. Pre-industrial societies have high mortality offsetting high fertility.
High birth rate and high death rate; minimal net growth. Pre-industrial societies have high mortality offsetting high fertility.
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What defines DTM Stage 2 (early expanding) in terms of birth and death rates?
What defines DTM Stage 2 (early expanding) in terms of birth and death rates?
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High birth rate with rapidly declining death rate; rapid growth. Better sanitation/medicine drops deaths while births stay high.
High birth rate with rapidly declining death rate; rapid growth. Better sanitation/medicine drops deaths while births stay high.
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What is the approximate replacement-level fertility in developed countries?
What is the approximate replacement-level fertility in developed countries?
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About $2.1$ births per woman. Accounts for infant mortality; exactly $2.0$ would mean decline.
About $2.1$ births per woman. Accounts for infant mortality; exactly $2.0$ would mean decline.
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What is demographic momentum in the context of population growth?
What is demographic momentum in the context of population growth?
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Continued growth after fertility drops due to a young age structure. Large youth cohorts ensure growth even at replacement fertility.
Continued growth after fertility drops due to a young age structure. Large youth cohorts ensure growth even at replacement fertility.
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What defines DTM Stage 3 (late expanding) in terms of birth and death rates?
What defines DTM Stage 3 (late expanding) in terms of birth and death rates?
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Declining birth rate with low death rate; slowing growth. Urbanization and education reduce fertility as mortality stays low.
Declining birth rate with low death rate; slowing growth. Urbanization and education reduce fertility as mortality stays low.
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What is the dependency ratio intended to capture about a population?
What is the dependency ratio intended to capture about a population?
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Burden on working-age group from young and old dependents. Ratio of non-working ages to working-age population.
Burden on working-age group from young and old dependents. Ratio of non-working ages to working-age population.
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What is a population pyramid and what two variables does it display?
What is a population pyramid and what two variables does it display?
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Age distribution by sex, usually as horizontal bars by cohort. Males left, females right; width shows cohort size.
Age distribution by sex, usually as horizontal bars by cohort. Males left, females right; width shows cohort size.
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Which population pyramid shape indicates rapid growth and high fertility (expansive, stationary, or constrictive)?
Which population pyramid shape indicates rapid growth and high fertility (expansive, stationary, or constrictive)?
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Expansive (broad base, narrow top). Wide base from high fertility; narrows due to mortality.
Expansive (broad base, narrow top). Wide base from high fertility; narrows due to mortality.
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Which population pyramid shape indicates an aging population with low fertility (expansive, stationary, or constrictive)?
Which population pyramid shape indicates an aging population with low fertility (expansive, stationary, or constrictive)?
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Constrictive (narrow base, relatively wider middle/older cohorts). Low fertility creates smaller young cohorts than older ones.
Constrictive (narrow base, relatively wider middle/older cohorts). Low fertility creates smaller young cohorts than older ones.
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Identify the most likely interpretation of a large bulge in ages $15$–$24$ on a population pyramid.
Identify the most likely interpretation of a large bulge in ages $15$–$24$ on a population pyramid.
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A past baby boom or cohort effect entering young adulthood. Echo effect from high births $15$-$24$ years ago.
A past baby boom or cohort effect entering young adulthood. Echo effect from high births $15$-$24$ years ago.
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What defines DTM Stage 4 (low stationary) in terms of birth and death rates?
What defines DTM Stage 4 (low stationary) in terms of birth and death rates?
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Low birth rate and low death rate; stable or slow growth. Post-industrial equilibrium with both rates at low levels.
Low birth rate and low death rate; stable or slow growth. Post-industrial equilibrium with both rates at low levels.
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What is commonly meant by DTM Stage 5 in terms of population change?
What is commonly meant by DTM Stage 5 in terms of population change?
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Birth rate falls below death rate; population decline. Some developed nations see fertility drop below replacement.
Birth rate falls below death rate; population decline. Some developed nations see fertility drop below replacement.
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What does total fertility rate (TFR) measure in a population?
What does total fertility rate (TFR) measure in a population?
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Average number of children born per woman over her lifetime. TFR estimates completed fertility for a synthetic cohort.
Average number of children born per woman over her lifetime. TFR estimates completed fertility for a synthetic cohort.
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What is the formula for population growth rate when net migration is included?
What is the formula for population growth rate when net migration is included?
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$\text{Growth rate} = (\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}) + \text{NMR}$. Total growth includes natural increase plus net migration rate.
$\text{Growth rate} = (\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}) + \text{NMR}$. Total growth includes natural increase plus net migration rate.
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What is the formula for rate of natural increase (RNI) when migration is ignored?
What is the formula for rate of natural increase (RNI) when migration is ignored?
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$\text{RNI} = \text{CBR} - \text{CDR}$. Natural increase equals crude birth rate minus crude death rate.
$\text{RNI} = \text{CBR} - \text{CDR}$. Natural increase equals crude birth rate minus crude death rate.
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Which population pyramid shape indicates slow or zero growth with similar cohort sizes?
Which population pyramid shape indicates slow or zero growth with similar cohort sizes?
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Stationary (more rectangular). Equal-sized cohorts indicate stable birth and death rates.
Stationary (more rectangular). Equal-sized cohorts indicate stable birth and death rates.
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Which demographic transition stage is defined by falling death rate with high birth rate?
Which demographic transition stage is defined by falling death rate with high birth rate?
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Stage $2$ (transitional/early industrial). Death rates drop first, creating rapid population growth.
Stage $2$ (transitional/early industrial). Death rates drop first, creating rapid population growth.
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Which demographic transition stage has low birth rate and low death rate with stable population?
Which demographic transition stage has low birth rate and low death rate with stable population?
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Stage $4$ (postindustrial). Both rates stabilize at low levels, growth near zero.
Stage $4$ (postindustrial). Both rates stabilize at low levels, growth near zero.
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Which demographic transition stage is often described as very low birth rate causing decline?
Which demographic transition stage is often described as very low birth rate causing decline?
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Stage $5$ (population decline). Birth rate falls below death rate, causing negative growth.
Stage $5$ (population decline). Birth rate falls below death rate, causing negative growth.
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In the DTM, what social changes commonly contribute to the birth-rate drop in Stage $3$?
In the DTM, what social changes commonly contribute to the birth-rate drop in Stage $3$?
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Contraception, female education/employment, urbanization, lower infant mortality. These factors reduce desired family size and enable family planning.
Contraception, female education/employment, urbanization, lower infant mortality. These factors reduce desired family size and enable family planning.
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What is a population pyramid designed to display about a population at a given time?
What is a population pyramid designed to display about a population at a given time?
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Age distribution by sex (typically in $5$-year cohorts). Shows population structure with males on left, females on right.
Age distribution by sex (typically in $5$-year cohorts). Shows population structure with males on left, females on right.
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Which population pyramid shape indicates rapid growth with a large youth cohort?
Which population pyramid shape indicates rapid growth with a large youth cohort?
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Expansive (wide base, narrow top). Triangle shape indicates high birth rates and young population.
Expansive (wide base, narrow top). Triangle shape indicates high birth rates and young population.
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In the DTM, what key change most directly drives the death-rate drop in Stage $2$?
In the DTM, what key change most directly drives the death-rate drop in Stage $2$?
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Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medical/public health measures. These improvements reduce disease and increase survival rates.
Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medical/public health measures. These improvements reduce disease and increase survival rates.
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Which population pyramid shape indicates population decline with fewer young people than middle-aged?
Which population pyramid shape indicates population decline with fewer young people than middle-aged?
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Constrictive (narrow base, larger middle/older cohorts). Inverted shape shows declining births and aging population.
Constrictive (narrow base, larger middle/older cohorts). Inverted shape shows declining births and aging population.
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