All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the Pygmalion effect in education?
Answer: Higher teacher expectations increase student performance. Rosenthal-Jacobson study showed teacher beliefs boost achievement.
Flashcard 2: Which family function refers to transmitting norms, values, and roles to children?
Answer: Socialization. Primary agents teaching cultural expectations and social behaviors.
Flashcard 3: What is the definition of the family as a social institution?
Answer: A group that regulates reproduction, socialization, and support. Primary unit for child-rearing and emotional care.
Flashcard 4: What is the nuclear family structure?
Answer: Two parents and their dependent children in one household. Most common family form in industrialized societies.
Flashcard 5: What does conflict theory argue is a core function of education?
Answer: Reproduction of social inequality and class stratification. Schools maintain existing power structures by favoring dominant groups.
Flashcard 6: What is the manifest function of education in functionalist theory?
Answer: Formal transmission of knowledge and job skills. Functionalists see schools as teaching skills needed for the workforce.
Flashcard 7: Identify the parenting style: low warmth and high control.
Answer: Authoritarian parenting. Emphasizes obedience and discipline over emotional connection.
Flashcard 8: Identify the parenting style: high warmth and high control.
Answer: Authoritative parenting. Balances responsiveness with clear expectations and boundaries.
Flashcard 9: What is exogamy in mate selection?
Answer: Marriage outside one’s social group. Promotes genetic diversity and creates alliances between groups.
Flashcard 10: What is endogamy in mate selection?
Answer: Marriage within the same social group. Maintains group boundaries and preserves cultural traditions.
Flashcard 11: What is the incest taboo in anthropology and sociology?
Answer: Norm prohibiting sexual relations between close kin. Universal cultural rule that promotes genetic diversity and social bonds.
Flashcard 12: What is a blended family?
Answer: Family formed by remarriage that includes step-relations. Combines children from previous relationships into one household.
Flashcard 13: What is the definition of an extended family structure?
Answer: Household network including relatives beyond parents and children. Common in collectivist cultures; provides broader support networks.
Flashcard 14: What is the definition of a nuclear family in sociology?
Answer: Two parents and their dependent children in one household. The traditional Western family model, distinct from extended families.
Flashcard 15: What is the digital divide as it relates to education?
Answer: Unequal access to technology and internet resources. Creates educational disadvantages for students without tech access.
Flashcard 16: What is the definition of the achievement gap in education?
Answer: Persistent group differences in academic performance outcomes. Often measured by test scores, graduation rates, or college enrollment.
Flashcard 17: What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of schooling?
Answer: Expectations shape behavior, causing the expected outcome. People internalize others' expectations and act accordingly.
Flashcard 18: What is the Pygmalion effect in educational settings?
Answer: Higher teacher expectations produce higher student performance. Teachers' positive beliefs become self-fulfilling prophecies.
Flashcard 19: What is tracking (academic ability grouping) in schools?
Answer: Separating students into different course levels by perceived ability. Creates different educational paths that often reinforce inequality.
Flashcard 20: What is social reproduction as applied to schooling outcomes?
Answer: Intergenerational transmission of class advantages via schools. Schools help wealthy families maintain their children's class position.
Flashcard 21: What is cultural capital in Bourdieu’s theory of education?
Answer: Valued cultural knowledge and dispositions that aid success. Elite families pass advantages through cultural knowledge and behaviors.
Flashcard 22: What is a latent function of education emphasized by functionalism?
Answer: Socialization into norms and values. Schools unintentionally teach shared cultural values and social rules.
Flashcard 23: What is the manifest function of education in functionalist theory?
Answer: Teaching academic skills and knowledge to prepare students for work. The intended, openly stated goals of formal education.
Flashcard 24: What is the latent function of education in functionalist theory?
Answer: Socialization into norms and values beyond explicit instruction. Unintended social learning that occurs alongside formal curriculum.
Flashcard 25: What is stereotype threat in academic testing situations?
Answer: Performance impairment from anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype. Steele's concept of how stereotype awareness harms test performance.
Flashcard 26: What is a blended family?
Answer: Family formed when partners bring children from previous relationships. Stepfamilies created through remarriage with existing children.
Flashcard 27: What is the nuclear family structure?
Answer: Two parents and their dependent children living as one household unit. The traditional Western family model of isolated conjugal unit.
Flashcard 28: What is the extended family structure?
Answer: Household including relatives beyond parents and children (for example, grandparents). Multiple generations or lateral kin sharing resources and residence.
Flashcard 29: What is a single-parent family?
Answer: Family in which one parent is the primary caregiver in the household. Increasingly common structure due to divorce and non-marital births.
Flashcard 30: What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in teacher expectations and student outcomes?
Answer: Expectations elicit behaviors that make the expected outcome more likely. Rosenthal effect where beliefs shape reality through changed behavior.