Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Bias (8B) - MCAT Psychological and Social Foundations
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What is realistic conflict theory?
What is realistic conflict theory?
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Prejudice arises from competition over scarce resources. Groups compete for limited resources, creating intergroup hostility.
Prejudice arises from competition over scarce resources. Groups compete for limited resources, creating intergroup hostility.
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What is scapegoat theory as an explanation for prejudice?
What is scapegoat theory as an explanation for prejudice?
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Displacing frustration onto a vulnerable out-group. Frustration gets redirected toward less powerful targets.
Displacing frustration onto a vulnerable out-group. Frustration gets redirected toward less powerful targets.
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Which concept describes improved performance when a stereotype is positive and salient?
Which concept describes improved performance when a stereotype is positive and salient?
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Stereotype lift. Positive stereotypes can boost performance when made salient.
Stereotype lift. Positive stereotypes can boost performance when made salient.
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What is the definition of stereotype threat?
What is the definition of stereotype threat?
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Performance impairment due to fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes can create self-fulfilling prophecies.
Performance impairment due to fear of confirming a negative stereotype. Anxiety about stereotypes can create self-fulfilling prophecies.
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What is out-group homogeneity bias?
What is out-group homogeneity bias?
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Perceiving out-group members as more similar than they are. We see less variability in out-groups than in our own group.
Perceiving out-group members as more similar than they are. We see less variability in out-groups than in our own group.
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What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) aim to measure?
What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) aim to measure?
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Strength of implicit associations between concepts and evaluations. IAT measures reaction time differences to reveal unconscious biases.
Strength of implicit associations between concepts and evaluations. IAT measures reaction time differences to reveal unconscious biases.
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What does the contact hypothesis propose reduces prejudice most reliably?
What does the contact hypothesis propose reduces prejudice most reliably?
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Cooperative contact with equal status and shared goals. Meaningful interaction under optimal conditions reduces bias.
Cooperative contact with equal status and shared goals. Meaningful interaction under optimal conditions reduces bias.
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Which term refers to unequal treatment due to group membership: prejudice, stereotype, or discrimination?
Which term refers to unequal treatment due to group membership: prejudice, stereotype, or discrimination?
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Discrimination. Only discrimination involves actual behavioral differences.
Discrimination. Only discrimination involves actual behavioral differences.
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What is the definition of discrimination in social psychology?
What is the definition of discrimination in social psychology?
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Behavior that disadvantages people based on group membership. Discrimination is prejudice enacted through differential treatment.
Behavior that disadvantages people based on group membership. Discrimination is prejudice enacted through differential treatment.
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Identify the term for a subtle, unintentional, everyday slight toward a marginalized group.
Identify the term for a subtle, unintentional, everyday slight toward a marginalized group.
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Microaggression. These brief indignities communicate hostile or derogatory messages.
Microaggression. These brief indignities communicate hostile or derogatory messages.
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What is social identity theory’s core claim about prejudice?
What is social identity theory’s core claim about prejudice?
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In-group bias supports self-esteem via group membership. We favor in-groups to maintain positive social identity.
In-group bias supports self-esteem via group membership. We favor in-groups to maintain positive social identity.
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Which option best describes the IAT (Implicit Association Test) in bias research?
Which option best describes the IAT (Implicit Association Test) in bias research?
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A reaction-time measure of automatic associations. Measures speed of pairing concepts to reveal implicit biases.
A reaction-time measure of automatic associations. Measures speed of pairing concepts to reveal implicit biases.
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What is the fundamental attribution error as it relates to stereotypes?
What is the fundamental attribution error as it relates to stereotypes?
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Overattributing others’ behavior to traits rather than situations. Ignores situational factors when judging out-groups.
Overattributing others’ behavior to traits rather than situations. Ignores situational factors when judging out-groups.
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What is the just-world hypothesis and its link to prejudice?
What is the just-world hypothesis and its link to prejudice?
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Belief the world is fair; victims are seen as deserving outcomes. Reduces anxiety by attributing misfortune to personal failings.
Belief the world is fair; victims are seen as deserving outcomes. Reduces anxiety by attributing misfortune to personal failings.
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What is scapegoating as an explanation for prejudice?
What is scapegoating as an explanation for prejudice?
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Blaming a marginalized group for broader problems. Displaces frustration onto vulnerable targets.
Blaming a marginalized group for broader problems. Displaces frustration onto vulnerable targets.
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What is the definition of ethnocentrism?
What is the definition of ethnocentrism?
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Viewing one’s own culture as superior or as the standard. Judges other cultures by one's own cultural standards.
Viewing one’s own culture as superior or as the standard. Judges other cultures by one's own cultural standards.
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What is the out-group homogeneity effect?
What is the out-group homogeneity effect?
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Perceiving out-group members as more similar than they are. Reduces cognitive load by minimizing perceived differences.
Perceiving out-group members as more similar than they are. Reduces cognitive load by minimizing perceived differences.
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Which term describes a belief about a group, an attitude toward it, and behavior toward it, respectively?
Which term describes a belief about a group, an attitude toward it, and behavior toward it, respectively?
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Stereotype, prejudice, discrimination. Represents cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
Stereotype, prejudice, discrimination. Represents cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
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What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of bias?
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of bias?
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Expectations elicit behavior that confirms the expectations. Creates reality through biased perceptions and interactions.
Expectations elicit behavior that confirms the expectations. Creates reality through biased perceptions and interactions.
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What is the definition of microaggressions?
What is the definition of microaggressions?
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Subtle, often unintentional slights toward marginalized groups. Cumulative impact creates hostile environments.
Subtle, often unintentional slights toward marginalized groups. Cumulative impact creates hostile environments.
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Which concept describes holding positive stereotypes that still reinforce inequality?
Which concept describes holding positive stereotypes that still reinforce inequality?
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Benevolent prejudice (benevolent sexism). Seemingly positive but limits opportunities and agency.
Benevolent prejudice (benevolent sexism). Seemingly positive but limits opportunities and agency.
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Which theory states that prejudice is reduced by equal status, cooperation, and institutional support?
Which theory states that prejudice is reduced by equal status, cooperation, and institutional support?
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Allport’s contact hypothesis. Intergroup contact reduces prejudice under specific conditions.
Allport’s contact hypothesis. Intergroup contact reduces prejudice under specific conditions.
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Identify the concept: Prejudice increases when groups compete for scarce resources.
Identify the concept: Prejudice increases when groups compete for scarce resources.
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Realistic conflict theory. Competition for limited resources creates intergroup hostility.
Realistic conflict theory. Competition for limited resources creates intergroup hostility.
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Identify the concept: People classify themselves and others into groups to boost self-esteem.
Identify the concept: People classify themselves and others into groups to boost self-esteem.
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Social identity theory. In-group bias enhances positive social identity.
Social identity theory. In-group bias enhances positive social identity.
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What is the fundamental attribution error, and how can it support prejudice?
What is the fundamental attribution error, and how can it support prejudice?
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Overattributing others' behavior to traits; can reinforce stereotypes. Ignoring situational factors strengthens trait-based stereotypes.
Overattributing others' behavior to traits; can reinforce stereotypes. Ignoring situational factors strengthens trait-based stereotypes.
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What is confirmation bias in evaluating stereotypes?
What is confirmation bias in evaluating stereotypes?
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Seeking or remembering evidence that supports preexisting beliefs. Selectively noticing stereotype-consistent information.
Seeking or remembering evidence that supports preexisting beliefs. Selectively noticing stereotype-consistent information.
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Which concept explains why people categorize others quickly using mental shortcuts?
Which concept explains why people categorize others quickly using mental shortcuts?
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Heuristics (cognitive shortcuts). Mental efficiency leads to rapid social categorization.
Heuristics (cognitive shortcuts). Mental efficiency leads to rapid social categorization.
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Identify the concept: 'Refusing to hire someone because of group membership.'
Identify the concept: 'Refusing to hire someone because of group membership.'
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Discrimination. Action-based prejudice affecting opportunities.
Discrimination. Action-based prejudice affecting opportunities.
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Which intervention aims to reduce prejudice by promoting equal-status cooperation toward shared goals?
Which intervention aims to reduce prejudice by promoting equal-status cooperation toward shared goals?
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Contact hypothesis (Allport conditions). Intergroup contact reduces prejudice under specific conditions.
Contact hypothesis (Allport conditions). Intergroup contact reduces prejudice under specific conditions.
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Identify the concept: 'Believing all members of an out-group are basically the same.'
Identify the concept: 'Believing all members of an out-group are basically the same.'
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Out-group homogeneity effect. Perceiving less variability in groups we don't belong to.
Out-group homogeneity effect. Perceiving less variability in groups we don't belong to.
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