All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the core claim of drive reduction theory of motivation?
Answer: Behavior reduces internal tension from physiological needs (drives). Organisms act to restore equilibrium when needs create drives.
Flashcard 2: Identify the correct term: a stable target value for a physiological variable.
Answer: Set point. Homeostatic reference point the body defends.
Flashcard 3: What is the core claim of arousal theory of motivation?
Answer: People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. Too much or too little stimulation motivates behavior change.
Flashcard 4: What does arousal theory propose about the relationship between arousal and motivation?
Answer: People seek an optimal level of arousal; behavior adjusts arousal. Too little boredom, too much anxiety; we seek the middle.
Flashcard 5: Which emotion theory requires both arousal and a cognitive label to produce emotion?
Answer: SchachterâSinger two-factor theory. Emphasizes cognitive interpretation of physiological state.
Flashcard 6: What is incentive theory of motivation?
Answer: Behavior is driven by external rewards and avoidance of punishments. Focus on environmental stimuli rather than internal needs.
Flashcard 7: What is the key limitation of drive reduction theory for explaining human behavior?
Answer: It poorly explains behaviors not tied to physiological needs. Can't explain curiosity, thrill-seeking, or social motivations.
Flashcard 8: What does incentive theory propose is the primary source of motivation?
Answer: External rewards and avoidance of external punishments. Behavior is pulled by incentives rather than pushed by internal drives.
Flashcard 9: Which theory most directly predicts misattribution of arousal across situations?
Answer: SchachterâSinger two-factor theory. Arousal from one source can be mislabeled as a different emotion.
Flashcard 10: What is the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Answer: Intrinsic: internal satisfaction; extrinsic: external reward/pressure. Intrinsic comes from enjoyment; extrinsic from consequences.
Flashcard 11: Which Maslow level includes security, stability, and protection?
Answer: Safety needs. This level focuses on establishing a secure environment to protect against harm and uncertainty.
Flashcard 12: What is the core claim of instinct theory of motivation?
Answer: Motivation is driven by innate, biologically programmed instincts. Theory emphasizes fixed, species-specific behavioral patterns.
Flashcard 13: What is the primary effect of leptin on eating behavior?
Answer: Decreases hunger by signaling energy sufficiency from fat stores. "Satiety hormone" produced by adipose tissue.
Flashcard 14: What is the primary effect of ghrelin on eating behavior?
Answer: Increases hunger and promotes food intake. "Hunger hormone" released by empty stomach.
Flashcard 15: Identify the term for decreased intrinsic motivation after adding external rewards.
Answer: Overjustification effect. External rewards can undermine existing intrinsic interest.
Flashcard 16: What is extrinsic motivation?
Answer: Motivation to do an activity for external rewards or outcomes. Driven by consequences separate from the activity itself.
Flashcard 17: What is intrinsic motivation?
Answer: Motivation to do an activity for its inherent satisfaction. Driven by enjoyment, interest, or personal fulfillment.
Flashcard 18: What does self-determination theory identify as three basic psychological needs?
Answer: Autonomy, competence, and relatedness. SDT posits these needs drive human motivation universally.
Flashcard 19: Which need level in Maslowâs hierarchy includes belongingness and love?
Answer: Love and belonging needs. Middle level: social connections and intimate relationships.
Flashcard 20: Which need level in Maslowâs hierarchy includes food, water, and sleep?
Answer: Physiological needs. Base of hierarchy: survival requirements like hunger and thirst.
Flashcard 21: What is the core claim of Maslowâs hierarchy of needs?
Answer: Lower needs generally must be met before higher-level needs dominate. Pyramid structure from basic survival to self-actualization.
Flashcard 22: What is the core claim of expectancy-value theory of motivation?
Answer: Motivation depends on expected success and value of the goal. Combines probability of success with outcome desirability.
Flashcard 23: What is the key distinction between drive reduction and incentive theories?
Answer: Drive: internal tension reduction; Incentive: external goal attraction. Drives push from within; incentives pull from outside.
Flashcard 24: What is the core claim of incentive theory of motivation?
Answer: Behavior is driven by external rewards and avoidance of punishments. Environmental stimuli pull behavior toward goals.
Flashcard 25: What does the YerkesâDodson law predict about arousal and performance?
Answer: Performance is highest at intermediate arousal (inverted-U relation). Complex tasks need lower arousal; simple tasks need higher.
Flashcard 26: What is homeostasis in the context of motivation and drives?
Answer: Physiological regulation to maintain internal variables near set points. Body actively maintains stable conditions like temperature and pH.
Flashcard 27: What is the hypothalamusâs primary role in hunger and thirst regulation?
Answer: Integrates internal signals and coordinates feeding and drinking behavior. Brain region monitors energy balance and triggers appropriate behaviors.
Flashcard 28: Which stomach-derived hormone increases appetite and is highest before meals?
Answer: Ghrelin. Stomach releases this "hunger hormone" when empty.
Flashcard 29: What is the difference between a drive and an incentive in motivation theory?
Answer: Drive: internal tension; incentive: external goal that pulls behavior. Drives push from within; incentives pull from outside.
Flashcard 30: What does incentive theory emphasize as the main source of motivation?
Answer: External rewards and environmental cues that attract behavior. Theory focuses on environmental stimuli rather than internal states.