All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is the neighborhood effect?
Answer: Local context shapes outcomes (education, health, crime, mobility). Place matters beyond individual characteristics.
Flashcard 2: Identify the main mechanism by which property-tax funding can amplify spatial inequality.
Answer: Wealthier areas raise more revenue, producing better-resourced schools/services. Creates feedback loop where wealth begets better public goods.
Flashcard 3: What is the âfood desertâ concept used to describe spatial inequality?
Answer: Area with limited access to affordable, nutritious food retailers. Low-income areas lack supermarkets, forcing reliance on convenience stores.
Flashcard 4: What is the âneighborhood effectâ in social science research?
Answer: Local context shapes outcomes such as health, education, crime, and mobility. ZIP code predicts life outcomes through concentrated advantages/disadvantages.
Flashcard 5: What is de jure segregation?
Answer: Segregation enforced by laws or explicit government policies. Legal mandates create official racial/ethnic separation.
Flashcard 6: What is residential segregation?
Answer: Physical separation of groups into different neighborhoods. Results from housing discrimination and socioeconomic factors.
Flashcard 7: What is spatial inequality in a sociological context?
Answer: Unequal distribution of resources and opportunities across places. Geographic disparities create unequal life chances by location.
Flashcard 8: Identify the key mechanism by which school funding can reflect spatial inequality in the United States.
Answer: Property-tax-based funding creates unequal school resources by area. Wealthy districts have more tax revenue for schools.
Flashcard 9: Which option best defines the "spatial mismatch" hypothesis?
Answer: Jobs move to suburbs while low-income residents remain in cities. Geographic disconnect between workers and employment.
Flashcard 10: What is the "neighborhood effect" hypothesis?
Answer: Local context causally influences outcomes beyond individual traits. Place shapes outcomes through resources and exposures.
Flashcard 11: What is the "built environment" in public health and sociology?
Answer: Human-made surroundings shaping behavior (housing, parks, transit). Physical infrastructure affects health behaviors directly.
Flashcard 12: What is the "food desert" concept used to describe?
Answer: Areas with limited access to affordable, nutritious food. Geographic barriers to healthy eating options.
Flashcard 13: What is a common social consequence of concentrated poverty?
Answer: Reduced social capital and fewer local institutional resources. Weak networks limit opportunities and collective efficacy.
Flashcard 14: What is steering in real estate, and how does it relate to segregation?
Answer: Guiding buyers to neighborhoods based on race, reinforcing separation. Illegal practice that perpetuates neighborhood racial composition.
Flashcard 15: What is blockbusting in the history of residential segregation?
Answer: Inducing White flight to profit from panic-driven home sales. Real estate agents exploited racial fears for profit.
Flashcard 16: What is the place stratification model of residential segregation?
Answer: Dominant groups maintain separation via discrimination and barriers. Structural racism limits minority residential choices regardless of income.
Flashcard 17: What is the built environment, and why is it relevant to spatial inequality?
Answer: Human-made surroundings that shape access, exposure, and behavior. Infrastructure and design affect walkability, safety, and health.
Flashcard 18: What is food desert as an indicator of spatial inequality?
Answer: Area with limited access to affordable, nutritious food retailers. Lack of supermarkets forces reliance on unhealthy convenience stores.
Flashcard 19: What is gentrification in the context of urban neighborhood change?
Answer: In-migration of higher-income residents raising costs and displacement. Often displaces long-term residents who can't afford rising rents.
Flashcard 20: What is spatial inequality in the context of health and social outcomes?
Answer: Unequal distribution of resources and opportunities across places. Geography determines access to jobs, schools, healthcare, and services.
Flashcard 21: What is residential segregation in sociological terms?
Answer: Physical separation of groups into different neighborhoods. Creates homogeneous neighborhoods by race, ethnicity, or income.
Flashcard 22: What is redlining as a historical housing practice in the United States?
Answer: Denying credit/insurance in areas labeled high-risk, often by race. Banks drew red lines on maps around minority neighborhoods.
Flashcard 23: What is the spatial assimilation model of immigrant residential patterns?
Answer: Greater SES leads to moving into less segregated mainstream areas. Economic mobility enables residential mobility to better areas.
Flashcard 24: What is concentrated poverty as a neighborhood-level concept?
Answer: High poverty clustered in specific areas, often with limited services. Creates cumulative disadvantage through resource deprivation.
Flashcard 25: What is spatial inequality in the context of neighborhoods and communities?
Answer: Unequal access to resources and opportunities across geographic areas. Results from geographic disparities in services, wealth, and infrastructure.
Flashcard 26: What is the fundamental cause perspective as applied to place-based health disparities?
Answer: SES provides flexible resources that protect health across risks. Money, knowledge, and power buffer health risks universally.
Flashcard 27: Which concept describes discriminatory practices by real estate agents that steer buyers to certain areas?
Answer: Housing steering. Agents show different homes based on buyer's race.
Flashcard 28: Which policy practice most directly created racially restricted neighborhoods through property deeds?
Answer: Restrictive covenants. Legal contracts banned racial minorities from buying.
Flashcard 29: Identify the most direct way residential segregation can widen health disparities.
Answer: Unequal access to care, healthy food, safe housing, and clean air. Place determines exposure to health resources and risks.
Flashcard 30: Which option best distinguishes income inequality from spatial inequality?
Answer: Income inequality is between people; spatial inequality is between places. Individual vs. geographic distribution of resources.