LSAT Reading Quiz: Strengthen And Weaken

Passage:

Some legal scholars argue that “sunset clauses” in legislation—provisions that cause a law to expire unless renewed—improve democratic accountability by forcing periodic reconsideration. The reasoning is that sunsets prevent outdated policies from persisting by inertia and require legislators to justify continuation in light of new evidence. Proponents also claim that sunsets can reduce the influence of emergency-driven lawmaking by ensuring that extraordinary measures are temporary unless affirmatively endorsed.

Critics respond that sunsets can create uncertainty that undermines long-term planning, especially for regulated industries and public agencies. They also argue that renewal votes can become perfunctory, with legislators extending laws without meaningful review. In addition, sunsets may empower small factions to extract concessions by threatening to block renewal of widely supported programs.

A conditional defense holds that sunsets enhance accountability chiefly when renewal procedures are structured to promote genuine evaluation—for example, by requiring impact assessments, public hearings, and clear criteria for reauthorization. In such cases, the sunset functions as a trigger for deliberation rather than as a mere deadline. Without these procedural supports, sunsets may increase instability without improving oversight.

Thus, the value of sunset clauses depends on whether institutional design transforms renewal into substantive review.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's argument?

A literary critic argues that translating poetry should prioritize preserving a poem's formal constraints—such as meter and rhyme—over preserving literal semantic content. The critic contends that in many poems, formal patterning is not ornamental but constitutive of meaning: sound, rhythm, and repetition generate effects that cannot be replicated through paraphrase. The critic acknowledges that strict formal imitation can force departures from literal accuracy, but maintains that readers of translated poetry seek an experience analogous to that of the original, and that form is a primary vehicle of that experience. The critic concludes that, at least for highly formal poems, a translation that preserves meter and rhyme will often be closer to the original in what matters most than a translation that is semantically precise but formally free.

Some translators argue that forcing rhyme in the target language can introduce clichés and distort tone, thereby undermining the very experience the critic wants to preserve. The critic replies that skilled translators can avoid such pitfalls through inventive diction.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's argument?

A philosopher of technology argues that algorithmic decision systems used in hiring can be made meaningfully fairer by improving data quality and by auditing outcomes, rather than by abandoning automation altogether. The philosopher notes that human hiring is also prone to bias and inconsistency, and contends that algorithms can be tested, monitored, and adjusted in ways that informal human judgments cannot. The argument concedes that historical data may encode past discrimination, but claims that careful feature selection, bias mitigation techniques, and ongoing audits can reduce disparate impacts while preserving predictive usefulness. The philosopher concludes that, provided employers commit to transparency about evaluation criteria and to regular third-party audits, algorithmic hiring can improve fairness relative to purely human screening.

Some critics respond that employers will lack incentives to conduct meaningful audits, especially if audits reveal legal or reputational risks. The philosopher replies that regulation and market pressure can supply those incentives.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's argument?

Passage:

Some legal scholars argue that restorative justice programs in criminal cases can reduce recidivism by fostering offender accountability and repairing harm to victims and communities. They emphasize structured dialogues, restitution agreements, and community support as mechanisms that may reintegrate offenders more effectively than incarceration. Proponents cite programs in which participants report higher satisfaction and in which some jurisdictions observe lower reoffense rates among participants.

Critics argue that restorative justice may be inappropriate for serious offenses and may pressure victims to participate. They also question whether lower recidivism rates reflect selection effects, since participants are often screened for willingness to accept responsibility and may already be less likely to reoffend. Moreover, inconsistent program quality can make outcomes difficult to generalize.

A conditional endorsement holds that restorative justice is most defensible when participation is genuinely voluntary, when programs employ trained facilitators, and when evaluation designs address selection effects through careful comparison groups. Under these conditions, observed reductions in recidivism are more plausibly attributable to the program rather than to participant characteristics.

Thus, restorative justice should be evaluated not as a uniform alternative to punishment, but as a context-dependent intervention whose benefits depend on safeguards and rigorous assessment.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's argument?

Passage:

Some political scientists argue that compulsory voting increases democratic legitimacy because election outcomes better reflect the preferences of the entire eligible population rather than of a self-selected subset. They note that when turnout is low, elected officials may cater to frequent voters and neglect groups that participate less often.

Critics respond that forcing participation can dilute the quality of electoral decisions if many compelled voters are uninformed or indifferent. They also contend that legitimacy depends not only on representativeness but on voluntary consent; an election in which participation is coerced may be less legitimate even if turnout is high.

The author argues that compulsory voting can improve policy responsiveness without necessarily undermining legitimacy. The author reasons that if nonvoters are disproportionately drawn from groups whose interests are systematically underrepresented, increasing their turnout will pressure politicians to address those interests. The author qualifies the claim: compulsory voting is likely to have this effect only when enforcement is modest and when voters have easy access to information, such as through nonpartisan voter guides.

The author’s reasoning depends on the assumption that newly mobilized voters will, on balance, shift electoral incentives in a way that changes policy priorities.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the author's argument?

Risk assessment tools that estimate a defendant's likelihood of pretrial misconduct have been criticized for perpetuating bias, particularly racial disparities. Proponents respond that, when designed properly, such tools can reduce arbitrary human decision-making: they exclude protected-class variables, undergo external validation, and present calibrated risk categories to judges. Because these systems are transparent about which factors they use—prior failures to appear, current charge severity, age at first arrest, and the like—they can be audited and improved in a way that idiosyncratic human judgment cannot. Moreover, in jurisdictions where human judges have historically detained many defendants who would have succeeded on release, replacing discretion with structured guidance may lower detention rates overall. Critics note that historical data reflect policing patterns that overexpose some communities to arrest and surveillance, threatening to encode past practices into the future. But proponents argue that validation can detect and correct miscalibration: if a category labeled 'moderate risk' has equal failure rates across groups, then classifications are fair in the relevant sense. Despite the unresolved philosophical debates, the practical question for policymakers is whether deploying a validated tool will worsen racial disparities in detention compared with status quo judging. Given that the tools omit protected-class variables, are validated for accuracy and calibration, and provide consistent inputs to judges, there is little reason to fear that, when properly validated, their deployment will exacerbate racial disparities in pretrial detention; indeed, they may modestly reduce those disparities by disciplining human discretion.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the claim made in the passage that properly validated risk assessment tools are unlikely to exacerbate racial disparities in pretrial detention?

Small-scale urban rewilding—allowing patches of city land to revert to native vegetation—has been proposed as a pragmatic way to support pollinators without requiring the creation of large new parks. The approach is to convert underused verges, traffic islands, and schoolyard edges into pesticide-free meadows of native flowers, forming a network of habitat 'stepping-stones' across the city. Skeptics question whether such tiny patches matter: they worry that isolated microhabitats will either be quickly colonized by a few generalist species or remain underused because most pollinators cannot locate them amid the urban matrix. Yet three features of pollinator ecology suggest otherwise. First, many native bees have short foraging ranges and can thrive in small, flower-rich areas if nesting substrate is available. Second, urban landscapes often contain linear corridors—railway rights-of-way, creek beds, and boulevards—that could connect patches, allowing gradual dispersal across neighborhoods. Third, because urban pesticide use is patchy, the designation of pesticide-free refuges could immediately increase local survival rates. While the evidence base is still developing, several European and North American cities have reported increases in pollinator abundance following targeted verge management. These reports are observational, and critics correctly note that confounding changes such as weather or general interest in gardening could be at work. However, given the low cost of conversion and the city's capacity to coordinate planting palettes and mowing schedules, the most reasonable expectation is that, even without creating large contiguous parks, a patchwork program will improve pollinator diversity across the city over a few seasons.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the claim made in the passage that a patchwork rewilding program will improve pollinator diversity across the city?

Coastal managers increasingly advocate managed realignment—breaching existing embankments to reconnect land to the sea—over hard defenses like seawalls. Proponents argue that, over a 30-year horizon, realignment is more cost-effective because newly formed salt marsh dissipates wave energy, reduces overtopping, and requires comparatively light maintenance once natural sediment processes take hold. They further note that marsh creation can offset the loss of intertidal habitat elsewhere, helping jurisdictions meet environmental mandates that, if unmet, can expose them to fines and mitigation costs. Cost models used by advocates incorporate the initial expense of acquiring or compensating landowners, building set-back embankments, and facilitating habitat establishment, but they assume that, after the first few years, nature largely maintains the system. By contrast, the models treat seawalls as escalating liabilities: as sea level rises, overtopping and toe scour demand periodic heightening, armoring, and emergency repairs, all of which are capital-intensive and disruptive. The evidentiary basis for these assumptions, however, is not uniform. Some realigned sites have accreted quickly, keeping pace with sea-level rise; others have lagged, leaving low-lying hinterlands vulnerable to storm surges until vegetation mats are fully established. Moreover, monetizing the ecological benefits of marsh creation—a key component in the realignment case—introduces valuation disputes that can swing the cost ledger in either direction. Even so, advocates conclude that, when maintenance, risk reduction, and regulatory compliance are viewed together, managed realignment outperforms hard defenses on cost. Skeptics respond that the conclusion stands or falls on the performance and maintenance profile of realigned sites: if natural processes fail to deliver the anticipated sediment gains, then realignment could become a recurring expense rivaling or exceeding the upkeep of improved seawalls. The answer lies not in slogans but in site-specific performance over decades and in how models treat uncertain variables such as sediment supply and storm frequency.

Which of the following, if true, most weakens the passage's claim that managed realignment is more cost-effective than seawalls over a 30-year horizon?

Harborview has explored several strategies to blunt downtown's summer heat island. Tree advocates emphasize canopy expansion for shade and evapotranspiration, while planners point to the extensive rooftop acreage that could be retrofitted for vegetation. Over the past two years, the city piloted green roofs on 24 mid-rise buildings in the commercial core and planted street trees on adjacent blocks. Midday air temperatures measured at pedestrian level on blocks with new green roofs registered, on average, 1.2 degrees lower than on matched control blocks without green roofs; blocks with newly planted trees did not show a comparable reduction. That disparity, officials argue, is not surprising: young trees provide minimal shade for several years, and green roofs start cooling immediately by shading roof membranes and releasing moisture. Critics counter that the buildings receiving green roofs also underwent energy-efficiency upgrades that included reflective roof coatings and improved insulation, which could have contributed to lower ambient temperatures by reducing heat flux into the canyon of streets below. The city's consultant acknowledges this possibility but notes that the albedo of the vegetated plots is lower than that of white coatings, suggesting that evapotranspiration, not reflectivity, explains the cooling. The consultant further points to sensor locations along sidewalks rather than on rooftops, arguing that the measured differences reflect air temperatures where pedestrians walk. While it remains difficult to segregate the many contributors to microclimate, the preponderance of the pilot's evidence supports a pragmatic conclusion for Harborview: in the near term, green roofs reduce downtown's peak summer air temperatures more effectively than adding street trees. Long-term investments in canopy will matter, but for immediate relief in the city's dense core, green roofs appear to be the more potent tool.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the claim made in the passage that, in Harborview, green roofs reduce peak summer downtown temperatures more effectively than adding street trees?

Auction houses have increasingly relied on financial guarantees—commitments by the house or by third parties to purchase a consigned artwork at a minimum price—to lure marquee consignments. Proponents say guarantees stabilize sales and reduce sellers' downside risk. Yet there is growing concern that guarantees distort price discovery by encouraging bidders to chase lots already insulated from failure. In this view, the presence of a guarantor acts like a floor that invites momentum bidding and masks private valuations, pushing hammer prices above where they would settle on an unguaranteed basis.

Recent sales are cited to bolster that suspicion. In one spring season, guaranteed lots across the evening auctions of two major houses achieved an average hammer-to-low-estimate ratio of 1.18, compared with 1.05 for non-guaranteed lots. Catalog notes revealed instances in which third-party backers placed early, aggressive bids, potentially signaling confidence that others then mirrored. Moreover, houses sometimes set estimates strategically: critics argue that by promising a reserve internally, they are freer to publish estimates that are slightly conservative, making subsequent bidding appear robust.

Defenders counter that guarantees follow quality, not cause outcomes. Blue-chip works with pristine provenance and fresh-to-market status are more likely to be guaranteed precisely because they attract multiple bidders and have predictably strong performance. If so, higher hammer-to-estimate ratios would reflect selection effects rather than a causal influence from guarantees. The publicly available data compound the difficulty: backer identities, side letters, and fee arrangements are often opaque, complicating efforts to control for all relevant variables.

Even so, the author maintains that the balance of observable evidence points to guarantees inflating prices: the behavior of backers in the room, the clustering of high ratios among guaranteed lots, and the institutional incentives to display success. While acknowledging that some non-guaranteed trophies also soar, the author concludes that guarantees, on average, nudge prices upward relative to where they would otherwise land.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the author's claim that guarantees inflate hammer prices relative to comparable non-guaranteed lots?

Brookdale officials have proposed a 12-mile network of protected bicycle lanes threading through the city's busiest commute corridors. The plan's detractors argue that dedicating existing car lanes to bikes will choke traffic, noting that the number of car lanes would be reduced on four major arterials. But that objection overlooks two features of Brookdale's transportation landscape. First, the city's commute trips are relatively short: half of all solo-driver commutes are under five miles and occur on flat terrain that is navigable by bike for many riders. Second, the city's bus system is frequently delayed by congestion caused at intersections, not along midblock segments where lane counts are highest. Protected lanes, which often come with turn-calming and optimized signal timing, have in other cities smoothed turning movements that impede buses and cars alike. Brookdale's transportation department cites case studies from mid-sized cities where protected lanes coincided with either stable or improved vehicle throughput at peak hours, though it concedes such studies are observational and thus not definitive. The department further notes that protected lanes tend to increase the perceived safety of cycling, which is a key barrier to mode shift from cars. Critics counter that Brookdale's winters are harsher than those in many case-study cities, potentially suppressing year-round cycling volumes. Even granting this, winter is not the only season commuters travel; for most of the year, weather is mild. In light of trip distances, intersection design changes, and the potential for some drivers to switch modes when a comfortable option exists, the department concludes that it is more likely than not that the proposed network will reduce rush-hour car congestion in Brookdale's core. The evidence does not guarantee this outcome: it remains possible that drivers will not switch at expected rates, or that construction will introduce new bottlenecks. However, given the alignment between Brookdale's trip profile and features of cities that have implemented similar designs, the best forecast is a net reduction in car congestion, not an increase.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the claim made in the passage that the protected bike-lane network will reduce rush-hour car congestion in Brookdale's core?

The Haversham Museum adopted a pay-what-you-wish admission policy last spring, announcing that it sought not merely to boost attendance, but to diversify the socioeconomic backgrounds of visitors. Early reports trumpet success: total visitors rose by a third, and the share coming from zip codes with median household incomes below the city median increased from 22 percent to 30 percent. The museum notes that these shifts occurred quickly after the policy change, implying causation. However, those months also coincided with a wildly popular exhibition on a globally recognized artist and with a temporary transit promotion that reduced weekend subway fares across several lines terminating near the museum. The museum's internal memo argues that while such factors may have raised overall turnout, only lowered price could account for greater economic diversity. Yet that assertion relies on the assumption that the transit promotion and the blockbuster exhibit attracted visitors uniformly across income brackets or, at least, did not disproportionately reduce barriers for lower-income residents. Some grounds for skepticism exist: the discounted subway lines serve neighborhoods whose riders are, on average, more price-sensitive, and media coverage of the exhibit emphasized its broad cultural relevance. While the attendance data are suggestive, they cannot by themselves disentangle price effects from other contemporaneous changes. The museum's claim would be bolstered by evidence that, controlling for the exhibit and transit promotion, the composition of visitors still shifted toward lower-income zip codes. In its absence, the museum's conclusion—that the pricing policy itself primarily drove the increase in economic diversity—remains plausible but underdetermined by the evidence presented.

Which of the following, if true, most weakens the claim made in the passage that the pay-what-you-wish policy was the primary driver of the increase in visitors from lower-income areas?

A recently publicized longitudinal study followed thousands of children from early childhood into their thirties and reported that individuals exposed to bilingual environments before age five earned more, on average, than those raised in monolingual homes. The researchers attempted to disentangle causation from correlation by exploiting within-family comparisons: in families that moved between regions, some siblings attended bilingual preschools while others did not, and the analysis included sibling fixed effects along with controls for parental education, income shocks, and neighborhood changes. The authors propose that early bilingual exposure enhances executive function and expands occupational networks, which together yield long-run earnings gains. They acknowledge, however, that unmeasured parental traits could still bias results if, for example, the decision to enroll one child but not another in a bilingual program reflects subtle preferences that also shape later investments. Furthermore, while the study excludes families who deliberately targeted bilingual programs for perceived status, it cannot rule out that bilingual households differ systematically in ways not captured by observed controls—such as the richness of home literacy environments or attitudes toward risk. The paper therefore frames its conclusion cautiously: the preponderance of evidence points to a causal effect of early bilingual exposure on earnings, but quasi-experimental replications would provide stronger confirmation. Skeptics argue that selection stories remain plausible: parents who choose bilingual settings might also be more proactive in coaching job searches or cultivating social capital, and these interventions—rather than bilingualism per se—could drive the earnings gap. The debate, in other words, turns on whether an exogenous source of bilingual exposure yields similar gains; if it does, that would strengthen the causal interpretation by reducing the role of parental selection.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the passage's claim that early bilingual exposure causally increases adult earnings?

Curators at major museums often assert that their exhibitions reflect a careful balance of historical importance and public interest, but critics argue that such judgments routinely favor already established artists at the expense of emerging voices. In response, several museums are testing an algorithm that ranks candidate works by synthesizing auction records, visitor engagement metrics from past shows, and peer-reviewed assessments. The system's designers claim that, by grounding recommendations in outcome data rather than tacit networks, the tool will counteract curators' tendency to recycle the same names. Early demonstrations highlight the model's ability to surface artists who have moderate but rising engagement scores and positive critical reception, suggesting a pipeline beyond the canon. Yet the case for bias reduction is not straightforward. Auction markets can encode prestige effects that inflate prices for familiar names, and peer review may privilege styles already validated by influential institutions. If the model learns that such signals predict attendance, it could perpetuate the very bias it is meant to offset. The museum consortium piloting the tool insists that weighting can be adjusted and that curators will use the rankings as one input among many, not as mandates. Still, the headline promise goes further: that deploying the algorithm will reduce curator bias toward established artists by reorienting selection around data most closely tied to audience response and critical quality. Whether that promise is credible depends on what the model actually learns and on the provenance of the data it ingests. If its most predictive features are those saturated with past institutional choices, then a data-driven overlay may merely launder old preferences through a new interface. If, on the other hand, the model elevates distinct signals that are plausibly independent of legacy gatekeeping, then it could indeed broaden representation.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the passage's claim that adopting the algorithm will reduce curator bias toward established artists?

An environmental economist argues that congestion pricing—charging drivers a fee to enter a city center during peak hours—reduces urban air pollution chiefly by decreasing total vehicle miles traveled. The economist acknowledges that some drivers may shift their trips to off-peak periods, but claims that the overall effect is fewer car trips, increased public transit use, and therefore lower emissions. The economist further contends that the policy is especially effective when revenue is earmarked for transit improvements, which makes alternatives to driving more attractive and sustains reductions over time. The economist concludes that, for large cities with existing transit systems, adopting congestion pricing will generally produce a substantial and durable improvement in air quality.

Skeptics argue that drivers may respond by taking longer routes to avoid the priced zone, increasing miles traveled and shifting pollution to adjacent neighborhoods. The economist replies that such diversion is limited because the priced zone typically contains the most common destinations, and because enforcement and boundary design can minimize avoidance.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the author's argument?

Passage:

Economists who study innovation policy often claim that patents are necessary to stimulate research and development by allowing inventors to recoup fixed costs. Without exclusive rights, the argument goes, competitors could copy inventions at low marginal cost, driving prices down and making initial investment irrational.

However, some scholars note that in certain industries—particularly those with rapid product cycles—firms may innovate for reasons other than patent protection, such as being first to market, building complementary services, or benefiting from learning-by-doing. They also argue that patents can sometimes impede innovation by creating licensing bottlenecks or by encouraging strategic litigation.

The author argues for a narrower claim: in industries where innovation is cumulative and requires access to many prior inventions, broad patents are more likely to reduce innovation than increase it. The author reasons that when each new product depends on multiple patented components, negotiating licenses can be costly and uncertain, and firms may delay or abandon projects. The author allows that patents may still be useful when a single invention can be commercialized largely independently.

Thus, the author’s reasoning relies on the idea that licensing complexity in cumulative industries is substantial enough to outweigh the incentive benefits of broad patents.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's argument?

On a wind- and solar-rich island whose grid is aging and geographically stretched, residents face a familiar dilemma: how best to backstop variable renewables so that a lightning storm in the hills or a windless morning does not leave a fishing village in the dark. The public utility has floated two options. One is to expand diesel backup capacity at the central power station, adding new generators and larger fuel storage tanks. The other is to install a network of community-scale batteries distributed across villages, each tied to local solar arrays and managed by software that balances supply and demand. Advocates of the diesel expansion note that the technology is proven and dispatchable. Proponents of the battery network argue that, although batteries have upfront costs, they can absorb local solar surpluses during the day, release power in the evening peak, and alleviate stress on long transmission lines. A yearlong pilot in one village with a 1 megawatt-hour battery saw outages fall and the diesel plant run less frequently, saving fuel. Still, a systemwide decision requires more than a single pilot: fuel prices fluctuate, batteries degrade in heat, and coordinating many assets introduces complexity. Yet batteries could reduce voltage dips that trip appliances and avoid the inefficiencies of running large generators at partial loads. Because island residents pay for both reliability and fuel, the long-run cost picture matters. The utility's preliminary analysis concludes that community-scale batteries will be more cost-effective and will enhance reliability compared with expanding diesel alone, primarily due to reduced fuel use and fewer transmission-related outages. That conclusion may be right, but it rests on assumptions about future prices and performance that are contestable. If those assumptions break against the batteries, the diesel expansion might look cheaper and comparably reliable after all.

Which of the following, if true, most weakens the passage's conclusion that community-scale batteries would be more cost-effective and enhance reliability compared with expanding diesel backup?

Archaeologists studying Island X have focused on a massive stepped platform built of coral limestone blocks that rises above a coastal plain. Because the edifice required quarrying, transporting, and placing thousands of heavy stones, some researchers infer the existence of a centralized authority capable of mobilizing and directing labor. That inference often rests on a further premise: that the platform was constructed within a compressed time frame, such as a single building season, when the tides and winds favored stone transport. If the work was tightly scheduled, the argument goes, only a hierarchy with coercive or administrative power could coordinate quarry teams, provision workers, and orchestrate placement with sufficient precision. Yet other evidence complicates this reading. Domestic sites on the island show relatively even distributions of prestige goods and no clear elite residences for the period usually assigned to the platform's construction. The pottery is remarkably uniform, suggesting an egalitarian social milieu. Tool marks on the lower courses vary in angle and depth, which may indicate multiple work groups with differing techniques, though this could occur under centralized oversight as well. Some scholars propose that communal institutions, such as seasonal work feasts, could have organized labor episodically without formal hierarchy. Ethnographic parallels from other archipelagos describe large projects undertaken through ritual obligation and rotating clan sponsorship over many years. The material record on Island X is silent on how long the platform took to build; dates for associated charcoal scatter across more than a century, but may represent later activity atop earlier terraces. Still, because the precision of the upper tiers appears high and the stones are well dressed, proponents of centralization argue that sustained command was necessary from start to finish. On balance, they conclude that the platform likely arose under a centralized authority, even if visible markers of elite life have yet to be found.

Which of the following, if true, most weakens the claim made in the passage that the platform on Island X was built under centralized authority?

A cluster of islands in the western archipelago preserves a set of phonological innovations that set its dialects apart from both the ancestral language and their mainland cousins: unstressed vowels have systematically reduced to schwa, and complex consonant clusters have simplified into permissible CV syllables. Lacking contemporaneous grammars, scholars have pieced together a chronology from missionary word lists, port records, and inscriptions on trade weights. One hypothesis holds that these changes were driven by intense adult second-language acquisition during a seventeenth-century migration, when laborers speaking a regional trade lingua franca settled in the islands' port towns. Because adult learners often reshape phonotactics to fit their native templates, and because the lingua franca disfavored clusters and reduced unstressed vowels, the hypothesis posits that the migrants' accented speech propagated through the local population.

The hypothesis garners circumstantial support. Port settlements, where migrants plausibly concentrated, show the most extreme instances of reduction and cluster simplification; inland villages retain more conservative patterns. Lexical borrowings traceable to the lingua franca are more frequent in coastal speech. Moreover, the innovations appear to radiate outward along known trade routes, consistent with a coastal origin. Internal drift is not impossible—languages do spontaneously reorganize syllable structure—but the tight bundling of changes and their alignment with features of the contact variety suggest to proponents a contact-induced shift rather than a purely endogenous development.

Skeptics caution that the record is fragmentary and the timeline fuzzy. The earliest missionary lists are themselves copies, and port records can lag demographic reality by decades. Still, absent evidence to the contrary, the migration-era contact remains, in the author's view, the best explanation of the data we have: it accounts for the geographic distribution of the sound changes, their directionality, and their phonetic outcome in one coherent narrative.

Which of the following, if true, would most strongly weaken the author's claim that adult second-language acquisition associated with a seventeenth-century migration caused the phonological changes in the island dialects?

Responding to budget pressures and fluctuating demand, the Elm Street Museum plans to adopt dynamic pricing: tickets will be most expensive during weekend afternoons and holidays, cheaper on weekday mornings, and steeply discounted during late afternoons on school days. The director argues that the change will not reduce access for low-income visitors, noting two features. First, the new structure sets off-peak prices below current general admission, thus creating windows of greater affordability. Second, the museum will continue its donor-funded free days, now scheduled for one Sunday and one Thursday evening each month; online timed-entry reservations, the director says, will prevent hours-long lines and preserve dignity. Critics are unconvinced. They point out that many low-wage workers have rigid schedules that align with peak periods and that families with school-age children often prefer weekends. Moreover, the critics worry that if peak prices rise substantially, even occasional visits will become prohibitive for households with little discretionary income, especially if transportation and food costs are considered. The museum's internal memo emphasizes that net access depends on the full menu of options across the calendar, not on any single time slot; it adds that higher peak prices could stabilize finances and protect educational programming that benefits under-resourced schools. Yet the memo does not present detailed data on when low-income residents actually manage to visit museums or whether free days meet demand equitably. Nor does it engage with the possibility that online reservation systems, while efficient, may disadvantage those without reliable internet access or those who cannot plan weeks in advance. The director's conclusion—that dynamic pricing will not reduce access for low-income visitors—thus rests on assumptions about flexibility in low-income schedules and on the continued efficacy of free days to absorb demand without creating new barriers.

Which of the following, if true, most weakens the passage's claim that dynamic pricing will not reduce access for low-income visitors?