Elements, Ions, and Isotopes - GRE

Elemental notation can provide you with a variety of information. The letter(s) indicate the element in question, the bottom number represents the atomic number (number of protons), while the top number represents the mass number (number of protons and neutrons). In order to find the number of neutrons in an atom, simply subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Doing this with our oxygen atom reveals that it has eight neutrons. The only answer option that has the same number would be the nitrogen atom, because 15 minus 7 is equal to 8.

In general, the metals fall on the left side of the periodic table and are separated from the non-metals by the metalloids. Transition metals fall in the d block of the periodic table, in groups (columns) 3-12. Examples of metals, non-metals, transition metals, and metalloids are calcium, oxygen, zinc, and arsenic, respectively.

Alkali metals are a special class of metal only found in group 1 of the periodic table.

The correct answer is cobalt, since it is the only metal among the answer choices. Metals have all the properties described (malleability, ductility, and conductivity). Sulfur, boron, and silicon do not exhibit these properties to the same extent.

The transition metals are defined in the region of the periodic table in which atoms are being added to the d subshell. As a result, the transition metals have unfilled or incomplete orbitals within the d shell. Since each orbital is filled with one electron before orbitals start to become completely filled, there are increasing numbers of unpaired d shell orbitals. This allows transition metals to give up variable numbers of electrons, while maintaining stability, as electrons move between d orbitals.

A common example is iron, which is stable in both the and electron configurations.

The question states that the element is a solid at room temperature and conducts electricity. These are characteristics of a metal; therefore, the element is likely a metal. Recall that metals are usually found on the left side of the periodic table. The groups that are classified as metals include the alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), the aluminum family (group 3), and the transition metals (D block).

The answer choices state that it could be either sodium or silicon. Silicon is in group 14 and is considered a non-metal; therefore, the element has to be sodium. Metals are good electrical conductors and solid at room temperature. They are also ductile, which means that a metal can be stretched to create thin wires.

Metals are good reducing agents, not oxidizing agents. Recall that metals usually have one, two, or three valence electrons. Since they only have a few valence electrons, metals prefer to lose their valence electrons to complete an octet. When an element loses electrons it is considered to be oxidized and can act as a reducing agent; therefore, sodium is not an oxidizing agent.

Transition metals are classified as metals; therefore, the oxides they form are called metal oxides. Metal oxides are basic compounds, whereas non-metal oxides are acidic compounds. Metal oxides, such as and , give rise to high pH values, and non-metal oxides, such as and , give rise to low pH values.

An oxidation state is defined as the degree of oxidation a compound can achieve. It is often calculated by observing the gain and loss of electrons in an atom. For example, an atom that loses two electrons will have an oxidation number of , whereas an atom that gains two electrons will have an oxidation number of . Some transition metals have multiple oxidation states because they can lose varying amounts of electrons. This occurs because the energy difference between the outermost orbital and the outermost orbital is small; therefore, the energy required to remove the electron from the subsequent orbital is comparable to removing electrons from the orbital.

For example, iron () can have an oxidation state of or . Iron’s electron configuration is . When it loses two electrons, iron will have an empty orbital. The electron configuration of will be . The amount of energy difference between the orbital and the orbital is very small; therefore, it is easy for iron to lose another electron from the orbital and become . On the other hand, it is very hard to remove electrons from a filled orbital. This explains why non-metals, such as the oxygen and halogen groups, and metals, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals, have only one oxidation state.

Reduction involves gaining electrons and oxidation involves losing electrons. This means that reduction will decrease the oxidation number and oxidation will increase the oxidation number. It is generally favorable for a transition metal to lose electrons and become oxidized, though reduction can be achieved by adding enough energy to the system (such as in a electrolytic cell).

One of the key distinguishing characteristics of metals and non-metals is the acidity of their oxides. Metal oxides are basic oxides, whereas non-metal oxides are acidic oxides. Remember that acids have low pH (high hydrogen ion concentration), whereas bases have high pH (low hydrogen ion concentration); therefore, non-metal oxides will have the lower pH.

A neutralization reaction is a special type of reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. This type of reaction will produce a pH of 7 if the reacting species are a strong acid and a strong base. Metal and non-metal oxides do not involve acid-base reactions; therefore, neutralization reaction is irrelevant to this question.

Nonmetals are generally brittle elements that have lower melting points than metals. They also form covalent bonds with one another due to minimal difference in electronegativity between nonmetal elements.

Nonmetals most frequently form negative ions in solution, called anions. In contrast, metals most frequently form positive ions in solution, known as cations.

Elemental notation can provide you with a variety of information. The letter(s) indicate the element in question, the bottom number represents the atomic number (number of protons), while the top number represents the mass number (number of protons and neutrons). In order to find the number of neutrons in an atom, simply subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Doing this with our oxygen atom reveals that it has eight neutrons. The only answer option that has the same number would be the nitrogen atom, because 15 minus 7 is equal to 8.

In general, the metals fall on the left side of the periodic table and are separated from the non-metals by the metalloids. Transition metals fall in the d block of the periodic table, in groups (columns) 3-12. Examples of metals, non-metals, transition metals, and metalloids are calcium, oxygen, zinc, and arsenic, respectively.

Alkali metals are a special class of metal only found in group 1 of the periodic table.

The correct answer is cobalt, since it is the only metal among the answer choices. Metals have all the properties described (malleability, ductility, and conductivity). Sulfur, boron, and silicon do not exhibit these properties to the same extent.

The transition metals are defined in the region of the periodic table in which atoms are being added to the d subshell. As a result, the transition metals have unfilled or incomplete orbitals within the d shell. Since each orbital is filled with one electron before orbitals start to become completely filled, there are increasing numbers of unpaired d shell orbitals. This allows transition metals to give up variable numbers of electrons, while maintaining stability, as electrons move between d orbitals.

A common example is iron, which is stable in both the and electron configurations.

The question states that the element is a solid at room temperature and conducts electricity. These are characteristics of a metal; therefore, the element is likely a metal. Recall that metals are usually found on the left side of the periodic table. The groups that are classified as metals include the alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), the aluminum family (group 3), and the transition metals (D block).

The answer choices state that it could be either sodium or silicon. Silicon is in group 14 and is considered a non-metal; therefore, the element has to be sodium. Metals are good electrical conductors and solid at room temperature. They are also ductile, which means that a metal can be stretched to create thin wires.

Metals are good reducing agents, not oxidizing agents. Recall that metals usually have one, two, or three valence electrons. Since they only have a few valence electrons, metals prefer to lose their valence electrons to complete an octet. When an element loses electrons it is considered to be oxidized and can act as a reducing agent; therefore, sodium is not an oxidizing agent.

Transition metals are classified as metals; therefore, the oxides they form are called metal oxides. Metal oxides are basic compounds, whereas non-metal oxides are acidic compounds. Metal oxides, such as and , give rise to high pH values, and non-metal oxides, such as and , give rise to low pH values.

An oxidation state is defined as the degree of oxidation a compound can achieve. It is often calculated by observing the gain and loss of electrons in an atom. For example, an atom that loses two electrons will have an oxidation number of , whereas an atom that gains two electrons will have an oxidation number of . Some transition metals have multiple oxidation states because they can lose varying amounts of electrons. This occurs because the energy difference between the outermost orbital and the outermost orbital is small; therefore, the energy required to remove the electron from the subsequent orbital is comparable to removing electrons from the orbital.

For example, iron () can have an oxidation state of or . Iron’s electron configuration is . When it loses two electrons, iron will have an empty orbital. The electron configuration of will be . The amount of energy difference between the orbital and the orbital is very small; therefore, it is easy for iron to lose another electron from the orbital and become . On the other hand, it is very hard to remove electrons from a filled orbital. This explains why non-metals, such as the oxygen and halogen groups, and metals, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals, have only one oxidation state.

Reduction involves gaining electrons and oxidation involves losing electrons. This means that reduction will decrease the oxidation number and oxidation will increase the oxidation number. It is generally favorable for a transition metal to lose electrons and become oxidized, though reduction can be achieved by adding enough energy to the system (such as in a electrolytic cell).

One of the key distinguishing characteristics of metals and non-metals is the acidity of their oxides. Metal oxides are basic oxides, whereas non-metal oxides are acidic oxides. Remember that acids have low pH (high hydrogen ion concentration), whereas bases have high pH (low hydrogen ion concentration); therefore, non-metal oxides will have the lower pH.

A neutralization reaction is a special type of reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. This type of reaction will produce a pH of 7 if the reacting species are a strong acid and a strong base. Metal and non-metal oxides do not involve acid-base reactions; therefore, neutralization reaction is irrelevant to this question.

Nonmetals are generally brittle elements that have lower melting points than metals. They also form covalent bonds with one another due to minimal difference in electronegativity between nonmetal elements.

Nonmetals most frequently form negative ions in solution, called anions. In contrast, metals most frequently form positive ions in solution, known as cations.

Elemental notation can provide you with a variety of information. The letter(s) indicate the element in question, the bottom number represents the atomic number (number of protons), while the top number represents the mass number (number of protons and neutrons). In order to find the number of neutrons in an atom, simply subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Doing this with our oxygen atom reveals that it has eight neutrons. The only answer option that has the same number would be the nitrogen atom, because 15 minus 7 is equal to 8.

In general, the metals fall on the left side of the periodic table and are separated from the non-metals by the metalloids. Transition metals fall in the d block of the periodic table, in groups (columns) 3-12. Examples of metals, non-metals, transition metals, and metalloids are calcium, oxygen, zinc, and arsenic, respectively.

Alkali metals are a special class of metal only found in group 1 of the periodic table.

The correct answer is cobalt, since it is the only metal among the answer choices. Metals have all the properties described (malleability, ductility, and conductivity). Sulfur, boron, and silicon do not exhibit these properties to the same extent.

The transition metals are defined in the region of the periodic table in which atoms are being added to the d subshell. As a result, the transition metals have unfilled or incomplete orbitals within the d shell. Since each orbital is filled with one electron before orbitals start to become completely filled, there are increasing numbers of unpaired d shell orbitals. This allows transition metals to give up variable numbers of electrons, while maintaining stability, as electrons move between d orbitals.

A common example is iron, which is stable in both the and electron configurations.