Carbocations

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GRE Subject Test: Chemistry › Carbocations

Questions 1 - 4
1

Which of the following carbocation intermediates requires the least activation energy?

Carbo1

Carbo3

Carbo4

Carbo2

Cannot be determined

Explanation

The more stable the carbocation, the lower the activation energy for reaching that intermediate will be. The more substituted a carbocation is, the more stable it is. The carbocation bonded to three alkanes (tertiary carbocation) is the most stable, and thus the correct answer.

Secondary carbocations will require more energy than tertiary, and primary carbocations will require the most energy.

2

What intermediate is involved in the conversion of compound B to compound C?

Mcat_1

Tertiary carbocation

Tertiary radical

Tertiary carbanion

Secondary carbocation

Secondary radical

Explanation

The strong sulfuric acid protonates the hydroxyl group of compound B, resulting in the loss of water as a leaving group and the generation of a carbocation intermediate. Since this carbocation carbon is attached to three other carbons, this is a tertiary carbocation. It is bound to the phenyl substituent, a methyl group, and the branched carbon chain.

3

4

If the carbon being pointed to was deprotonated (resulting in a positive charge on it). Would the resonance form (the positive charge being redistributed to the carbon with a bromine) be more stable than a secondary carbocation? Why?

No because bromine is an electrophile

Yes because bromine is an electrophile

No because secondary carbocations are unstable

Yes because bromine donates some electrons

No because bromine's bulky electron cloud will interfere

Explanation

The resonance form of this compound would put the positive charge on the carbon attached to the bromine. Unfortunately this carbon is already slightly positive due to the electron withdrawing effects of bromine due to its high electrophilicity. So this resonance form would be more unstable than a secondary carbocation due to the increased concentration of positive charge from bromine's electron withdrawal.

4

Carbon 1:

8

Carbon 2:

9

Let's say we react the given compound with . During the first step of the reaction, will the hydrogen be added to carbon 1 or carbon 2, why?

Carbon 1 because the intermediate will then be a secondary carbocation

Carbon 1 because the intermediate will be a primary carbocation

Carbon 1 because the bromine anion is large and requires space to react

Carbon 2 because the intermediate will be a secondary carbocation

Carbon 2 because the bromine will first attack the double bond from the least sterically hindered side

Explanation

The correct answer is: carbon 1 because the intermediate will then be a secondary carbocation.

This is a case of addition across a double bond where stands for any halide. The first step in this reaction is the attack of by the double bond. This will create two intermediates, the first being the halide anion (so in our case ), the second being a carbocation on our compound at one of the two carbons that formerly shared the double bond.

If the hydrogen attached the carbon 2 then we would have a positive charge on carbon 1 and vice versa. A positive charge on carbon 1 is known as a primary carbocation (a carbon attached to 1 other carbon or function group), which is rarely if ever seen due to its overwhelming instability. A positive charge on carbon 2 is known as a secondary carbocation (a carbon attached to 2 other carbons or functional groups) and is much more stable than a primary carbocation.

We would want the more thermodynamically stable intermediate for our reaction to proceed, so we would want the positive charge on carbon 2 and the hydrogen attached to carbon 1.

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