All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which Enlightenment idea influenced the American and French Revolutions?
Answer: Popular sovereignty. The idea that government derives power from the people's consent.
Flashcard 2: What is the Enlightenment emphasis on human progress known as?
Answer: Optimism. Belief that society and human knowledge could continuously improve.
Flashcard 3: Name a significant outcome of the Enlightenment on society.
Answer: Secularization. The decline of religious authority in public life and governance.
Flashcard 4: Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?
Answer: Immanuel Kant. German philosopher who explored the limits of human knowledge.
Flashcard 5: What did the Enlightenment contribute to the development of science?
Answer: Emphasis on empirical evidence and rational thought. Promoted the scientific method and experimental observation.
Flashcard 6: What is the main argument in Hobbes' 'Leviathan'?
Answer: Need for a strong central authority. Argued humans need government to escape the chaos of nature.
Flashcard 7: Which Enlightenment thinker developed the idea of a social contract?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes. English philosopher who first theorized government by mutual agreement.
Flashcard 8: Who was an influential deist during the Enlightenment?
Answer: Thomas Paine. American revolutionary who promoted reason over religious revelation.
Flashcard 9: What is the Enlightenment idea of deism?
Answer: Belief in a rational God who doesn't intervene in the universe. Rejection of organized religion while maintaining belief in a creator.
Flashcard 10: What work did Mary Wollstonecraft write advocating for women's rights?
Answer: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. 1792 treatise arguing women deserve equal education and opportunities.
Flashcard 11: Name an Enlightenment thinker known for advocating women's rights.
Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft. English author who argued for women's education and equality.
Flashcard 12: What key idea did Adam Smith introduce in economics?
Answer: The invisible hand. Market forces that naturally regulate supply and demand.
Flashcard 13: Which book by Adam Smith laid the foundations of capitalist theory?
Answer: The Wealth of Nations. 1776 economic treatise explaining market mechanisms and trade benefits.
Flashcard 14: Who wrote 'Candide', a satirical novel critiquing society?
Answer: Voltaire. French writer who used humor to expose social and political corruption.
Flashcard 15: What economic system did Adam Smith promote?
Answer: Capitalism. Economic theory based on free markets and private ownership.
Flashcard 16: Summarize Kant's definition of Enlightenment.
Answer: Man's emergence from self-imposed immaturity. The courage to think independently without external guidance.
Flashcard 17: What is Immanuel Kant's well-known essay on Enlightenment?
Answer: What is Enlightenment. 1784 essay defining intellectual independence and critical thinking.
Flashcard 18: Identify a principle from the Declaration of Independence.
Answer: Equality and unalienable rights. Core democratic values enshrined in the American founding document.
Flashcard 19: Which document was influenced by Enlightenment ideas and signed in 1776?
Answer: The Declaration of Independence. Applied Locke's natural rights theory to justify American independence.
Flashcard 20: What did Voltaire criticize in his works?
Answer: Intolerance and religious dogma. He opposed censorship and religious persecution throughout Europe.
Flashcard 21: Name an Enlightenment thinker who advocated for freedom of speech.
Answer: Voltaire. French writer famous for defending civil liberties.
Flashcard 22: Identify one of the Enlightenment's impacts on education.
Answer: Promotion of public education. Enlightenment thinkers believed knowledge should be accessible to all.
Flashcard 23: What impact did the Enlightenment have on government systems?
Answer: Promotion of democratic ideals. Encouraged representative government and constitutional limitations on power.
Flashcard 24: Who is known as the 'Father of Liberalism'?
Answer: John Locke. English philosopher who influenced modern democratic theory.
Flashcard 25: What did Voltaire criticize in his works?
Answer: Intolerance and religious dogma. He opposed censorship and religious persecution throughout Europe.
Flashcard 26: Summarize Kant's definition of Enlightenment.
Answer: Man's emergence from self-imposed immaturity. The courage to think independently without external guidance.
Flashcard 27: What is Immanuel Kant's well-known essay on Enlightenment?
Answer: What is Enlightenment. 1784 essay defining intellectual independence and critical thinking.
Flashcard 28: What did the Enlightenment contribute to the development of science?
Answer: Emphasis on empirical evidence and rational thought. Promoted the scientific method and experimental observation.
Flashcard 29: What is the main argument in Hobbes' 'Leviathan'?
Answer: Need for a strong central authority. Argued humans need government to escape the chaos of nature.
Flashcard 30: What book did Montesquieu write on political theories?
Answer: The Spirit of the Laws. 1748 work analyzing different forms of government and their structures.