State Expansion - AP World History: Modern

To establish direct British control over India after the Sepoy Rebellion. Replaced East India Company rule with direct Crown administration in 1858.

To oppose European colonialism in the Americas. Warned European powers against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

Led to direct rule by the British Crown, ending the East India Company's control. The 1857 uprising prompted Britain to assume direct governmental control.

Thailand (Siam). Strategic diplomacy and modernization helped maintain independence between empires.

The Treaty of Paris (1898). Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States.

Ethiopia. Victory at Adwa (1896) secured Ethiopian sovereignty against Italian invasion.

To trade and establish economic control in India. Originally a trading company, it gradually acquired territorial control.

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848). U.S. victory resulted in acquisition of California and southwestern territories.

It ended Japanese isolation and initiated trade with the West. Perry's 1853-1854 visits forced Japan to abandon its isolationist sakoku policy.

Established rules for the division of Africa among European powers. Created arbitrary borders without considering African ethnic or cultural boundaries.

Economic gain through access to raw materials and new markets. Resources fueled industrialization while new markets sold manufactured goods.

The steamship. Steam power enabled faster, more reliable ocean travel and river navigation.

The division of Africa into territories controlled by European powers. The conference formalized European claims without African representation.

The British Empire. British rule over India lasted from 1858-1947 after Company control ended.

Belgium. King Leopold II personally controlled this territory through brutal exploitation.

Otto von Bismarck. His diplomatic skill and military strategy united the German states by 1871.

The modernization and industrialization of Japan starting in 1868. Japan rapidly adopted Western technology and political systems to avoid colonization.

Economic difficulties and military defeats. Financial crises and territorial losses weakened central authority significantly.

Marked the first time an Asian power defeated a European power. Japan's 1905 victory challenged Western assumptions about racial superiority.

The concept of 'civilizing mission' or 'White Man's Burden'. Europeans claimed moral duty to spread civilization and Christianity globally.

It provided a shorter maritime route between Europe and Asia. Eliminated the need to sail around Africa, revolutionizing global trade.

Disruption of traditional societies and economies. Colonial extraction systems destroyed local industries and social structures.

The Latin American Wars of Independence. Revolutionary movements ended Spanish colonial rule across South America.

It ended the First Opium War and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. China's first unequal treaty opened ports and granted extraterritorial rights.

The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or political dominance. This definition encompasses both territorial conquest and indirect control methods.

Nationalism. Promoted ethnic unity and self-determination against imperial rule.

To establish direct British control over India after the Sepoy Rebellion. Replaced East India Company rule with direct Crown administration in 1858.

The Treaty of Paris (1856). Ended the conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1856.

Discontent with Qing rule and social inequality. Led by Hong Xiuquan, it challenged Qing authority from 1850-1864.