All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What was the result of increased mechanization on labor during the Industrial Age?
Answer: Reduced manual labor. Machines replaced skilled artisans in production processes.
Flashcard 2: What innovation by Henry Bessemer revolutionized steel production?
Answer: Bessemer process. Method for mass-producing high-quality, affordable steel.
Flashcard 3: Identify the primary sector that saw significant advancements during the Industrial Age.
Answer: Manufacturing. Factories transformed how goods were produced and distributed.
Flashcard 4: Which invention by Thomas Edison greatly influenced the Industrial Age?
Answer: Electric light bulb. Extended working hours and enabled nighttime productivity.
Flashcard 5: What was the social impact of industrialization on family structures?
Answer: Altered family roles. Factory work changed traditional family economic structures.
Flashcard 6: What is the term for the creation of large industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Urbanization. Migration to industrial centers created large urban areas.
Flashcard 7: Which class struggled for better wages and working conditions during the Industrial Age?
Answer: Working class. Factory workers organized to improve their economic situation.
Flashcard 8: Which system involves ownership of the means of production by the community or state?
Answer: Socialism. Economic system emphasizing collective rather than private ownership.
Flashcard 9: Which textile machine invented by James Hargreaves increased yarn production?
Answer: Spinning Jenny. Multi-spindle machine that revolutionized textile spinning.
Flashcard 10: What was a common health issue faced by urban populations during the Industrial Age?
Answer: Poor sanitation. Overcrowded cities lacked adequate sewage and waste systems.
Flashcard 11: What was a major environmental consequence of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Increased pollution. Factory smoke and waste contaminated air and water.
Flashcard 12: What is the term for the transition to new manufacturing processes in the 18th century?
Answer: Industrial Revolution. Period of transition from manual to machine-based manufacturing.
Flashcard 13: Which social class grew in influence during the Industrial Age due to industrialization?
Answer: Middle class. Gained wealth and political power from industrial enterprises.
Flashcard 14: What term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities during the Industrial Age?
Answer: Urbanization. Factory jobs attracted rural workers to industrial centers.
Flashcard 15: Identify the economic theory that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy.
Answer: Laissez-faire. French for 'let it be' - allows market forces to operate freely.
Flashcard 16: Who wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' advocating for free-market economies?
Answer: Adam Smith. Promoted the idea of the 'invisible hand' of the market.
Flashcard 17: What is the term for the system where goods are produced in homes rather than factories?
Answer: Cottage industry. Pre-industrial production system where families worked from home.
Flashcard 18: Which invention by Eli Whitney revolutionized the cotton industry in 1793?
Answer: Cotton gin. Machine that quickly separated cotton fibers from seeds.
Flashcard 19: What system involves the mass production of goods in large numbers using machinery?
Answer: Factory system. Centralized production using machinery and division of labor.
Flashcard 20: What was the primary purpose of the Luddites' protests during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Opposition to machinery. Textile workers destroyed machines threatening their jobs.
Flashcard 21: Identify the economic policy of protecting home industries by imposing tariffs.
Answer: Protectionism. Uses tariffs and restrictions to shield domestic industries.
Flashcard 22: Which demographic change was a direct consequence of the Industrial Age?
Answer: Population growth. Better medicine and food supply increased birth rates.
Flashcard 23: In the context of industrial societies, what does the term 'proletariat' refer to?
Answer: Working class. Marx's term for industrial wage-earning workers.
Flashcard 24: What was the key innovation in transportation that facilitated the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Railroads. Connected distant markets and enabled mass transport.
Flashcard 25: What term describes the shift from agricultural economies to industrial economies?
Answer: Industrialization. Economic transformation from farming to manufacturing focus.
Flashcard 26: Who is the author of 'The Communist Manifesto' advocating for class struggle?
Answer: Karl Marx. Co-authored with Engels, calling for worker revolution.
Flashcard 27: Identify the economic policy of protecting home industries by imposing tariffs.
Answer: Protectionism. Uses tariffs and restrictions to shield domestic industries.
Flashcard 28: What is the term for the system where goods are produced in homes rather than factories?
Answer: Cottage industry. Pre-industrial production system where families worked from home.
Flashcard 29: Which textile machine invented by James Hargreaves increased yarn production?
Answer: Spinning Jenny. Multi-spindle machine that revolutionized textile spinning.
Flashcard 30: What was the impact of the steam locomotive on transportation during the Industrial Age?
Answer: Faster transportation. Steam engines enabled rapid movement of goods and people.