All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify a country that saw delayed industrialization compared to Great Britain.
Answer: Russia. Lacked early infrastructure and capital for rapid industrial development.
Flashcard 2: What was a significant technological advancement in communication?
Answer: The telegraph. Enabled rapid long-distance communication for business and coordination.
Flashcard 3: Name a significant change in education due to the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Rise of public schooling. Industrial society required more educated workers and citizens.
Flashcard 4: Which British law improved sanitation in industrial cities?
Answer: The Public Health Act of 1848. Established sanitary authorities to address urban health problems.
Flashcard 5: What was a common labor response to poor working conditions?
Answer: Strikes and protests. Workers collectively refused work to pressure employers for improvements.
Flashcard 6: Identify a primary feature of industrial capitalism.
Answer: Private ownership of production. Individual entrepreneurs owned factories and controlled production means.
Flashcard 7: Which resource was crucial for the development of steam power?
Answer: Coal. Abundant coal deposits enabled steam engine development and operation.
Flashcard 8: What was the effect of industrialization on international relations?
Answer: Increased imperialism. Industrial nations sought colonies for markets and raw materials.
Flashcard 9: What was one impact of the Industrial Revolution on agriculture?
Answer: Mechanization of farming. Steam-powered equipment increased agricultural productivity and efficiency.
Flashcard 10: Identify one reason why child labor was prevalent during industrialization.
Answer: Cheap labor demand. Small hands operated machinery at lower wages than adults.
Flashcard 11: What role did the banking sector play in the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Financing industrial ventures. Banks provided essential capital for machinery and infrastructure investments.
Flashcard 12: Which area of human life saw significant change due to the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Work and labor. Factory schedules and wage labor replaced traditional work patterns.
Flashcard 13: What was the primary cause of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Technological innovations in manufacturing. New machines and production methods transformed manufacturing processes.
Flashcard 14: Which country was the first to industrialize?
Answer: Great Britain. Had abundant coal, capital, and favorable geographic conditions for early industry.
Flashcard 15: Identify a key invention that spurred the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: The steam engine. Powered machinery and transportation, revolutionizing production efficiency.
Flashcard 16: What is meant by 'urbanization' in the context of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Movement of populations to cities. Factory jobs drew rural workers to industrial centers for employment.
Flashcard 17: Name an economic theory that emerged as a reaction to industrialization.
Answer: Socialism. Advocated collective ownership to address industrial capitalism's inequalities.
Flashcard 18: Which class primarily benefited from the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The middle class. Gained wealth from industrial investments and professional services.
Flashcard 19: What labor system was widely used before the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The cottage industry. Small-scale home production replaced by mechanized factory systems.
Flashcard 20: Which movement sought to improve working conditions during the Industrial Age?
Answer: The labor movement. Workers organized to demand better wages and safer workplaces.
Flashcard 21: What was a major environmental consequence of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Increased pollution. Coal burning and industrial waste contaminated air and water.
Flashcard 22: Identify a major social change resulting from the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Rise of the factory system. Centralized production changed traditional work patterns and social structures.
Flashcard 23: Which invention by Eli Whitney had a significant impact on the textile industry?
Answer: The cotton gin. Mechanized cotton processing, boosting textile production efficiency.
Flashcard 24: Name a prominent social reformer during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Robert Owen. Advocated for worker welfare and cooperative communities.
Flashcard 25: What was the primary goal of the Chartist movement?
Answer: Political reform and voting rights. British working-class movement demanding democratic political representation.
Flashcard 26: Which type of economic policy is associated with laissez-faire?
Answer: Minimal government intervention. Free market approach with limited state regulation of business.
Flashcard 27: Which ideology opposes the capitalist system established by industrialization?
Answer: Communism. Promotes collective ownership as alternative to private capitalism.
Flashcard 28: What is meant by 'proletariat' in Marxist theory?
Answer: Working class. Marx's term for wage laborers who sell their labor.
Flashcard 29: Identify a key figure in the development of communism.
Answer: Karl Marx. Co-authored Communist Manifesto critiquing capitalist exploitation.
Flashcard 30: What did the Luddites famously oppose?
Answer: Industrial machinery. Workers destroyed machines they believed threatened their jobs.