Nationalism and Revolutions - AP World History: Modern

Nationalism is a political ideology centered on the interests and culture of a nation. It emphasizes shared identity, language, and culture as basis for political organization.

The main cause was colonial opposition to British taxation without representation. Colonists rejected British taxes imposed without their consent in Parliament.

The French Revolution began in 1789. Started with the financial crisis and calling of the Estates-General.

The primary goal was to restore European stability and balance of power post-Napoleon. Aimed to prevent future wars through diplomatic balance after Napoleon's defeat.

The Declaration of Independence declared U.S. independence. Proclaimed American independence from Britain on July 4, 1776.

It symbolized the end of royal tyranny and the rise of the French Revolution. The prison's fall represented popular uprising against absolute monarchy.

The main goal was to secure voting rights for women. Fought for women's political equality and democratic participation.

It regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. European powers divided Africa among themselves without African input.

The primary cause was the U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. America supported Cuban rebels against Spanish colonial rule.

The Battle of Waterloo in 1815 marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon's final defeat ended his European domination permanently.

The Treaty of Paris in 1783 ended the American Revolution. Formally recognized American independence and established new boundaries.

The main cause was social unrest and dissatisfaction with Tsarist rule. Triggered by Bloody Sunday massacre and military defeats in Japan.

It refers to the 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America. Justified westward expansion as America's divine mission and right.

The impact was the opening of China to foreign trade and the ceding of Hong Kong to Britain. Britain forced China to accept unequal treaties and foreign concessions.

A loose association of German states formed after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Created as a compromise between Austrian control and German unity.

This slogan is associated with the French Revolution. Represented the democratic ideals of the revolutionary movement.

Italy achieved unification in 1861. Achieved through Garibaldi's military campaigns and diplomatic efforts.

The outcome was a military defeat for Russia and the Treaty of Paris in 1856. Russia lost to Ottoman Empire backed by Britain and France.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote 'The Communist Manifesto'. Published in 1848, it outlined communist theory and worker revolution.

The result was the establishment of the French Second Republic. Overthrew King Louis-Philippe and established democratic government.

It was a political scandal in France that revealed deep divisions over issues of anti-Semitism. Jewish officer falsely accused of treason, exposing French anti-Semitism.

Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman who unified Germany. Used realpolitik and three wars to create the German Empire in 1871.

The aim was to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a new society in China. Massive civil war led by Hong Xiuquan claiming to be Christ's brother.

Karl Marx is associated with communism and Marxism. Developed theory of class struggle and worker revolution against capitalism.

The Latin American wars of independence began in 1808. Triggered by Napoleon's invasion of Spain and weakened Spanish control.

Simón Bolívar was a key leader in the Latin American independence movements. Known as 'El Libertador' for liberating much of South America from Spain.

The main result was Haiti's independence from France in 1804. Created the first successful slave revolution and independent Black nation.

A period of the French Revolution marked by mass executions of perceived enemies. Robespierre's radical phase used guillotine to eliminate political opponents.

It was caused by Indian soldiers' discontent with British rule and practices. Sparked by rumors about cartridges greased with cow and pig fat.