All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What was the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: A period of rapid industrial growth in the 18th-19th centuries. Marked transition from manual labor to mechanized production.
Flashcard 2: What was the impact of industrialization on global trade?
Answer: Expanded global markets and increased trade volumes. Industrial goods reached new markets worldwide through improved transport.
Flashcard 3: What is the significance of interchangeable parts?
Answer: It allowed for mass production and easier repairs. Eli Whitney's innovation standardized manufacturing and reduced costs.
Flashcard 4: Identify one agricultural advancement during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: The seed drill. Planted seeds in rows at proper depth, improving crop yields.
Flashcard 5: Which invention revolutionized the newspaper industry?
Answer: The steam-powered printing press. Enabled mass production of newspapers, spreading information rapidly.
Flashcard 6: What is the significance of the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851?
Answer: Showcased industrial achievements and technological innovations. First World's Fair displayed Britain's industrial supremacy globally.
Flashcard 7: What is socialism?
Answer: An economic system advocating for collective ownership of production. Workers control means of production to eliminate class exploitation.
Flashcard 8: Identify a key concept of Karl Marx's theory.
Answer: Class struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat. Predicted inevitable conflict between capitalists and workers.
Flashcard 9: What is industrial capitalism?
Answer: An economic system based on industrial production and profit. Combined mechanized production with private ownership for maximum profit.
Flashcard 10: What role did banks play in the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Provided capital for industrial ventures. Financed machinery, factories, and infrastructure development projects.
Flashcard 11: What is the significance of the Enclosure Acts?
Answer: They privatized common lands, forcing rural migration to cities. Created landless peasants who became urban factory workers.
Flashcard 12: What is the main idea in Adam Smith's 'Wealth of Nations'?
Answer: Free markets lead to economic prosperity. Individual self-interest promotes overall economic growth and efficiency.
Flashcard 13: Identify a key proponent of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Adam Smith. Wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' advocating free market principles.
Flashcard 14: What is laissez-faire capitalism?
Answer: An economic system with minimal government intervention. Free market competition without government regulation or interference.
Flashcard 15: Name the economic system characterized by private ownership during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Capitalism. Private ownership of means of production for profit maximization.
Flashcard 16: What is the significance of the Factory Acts in Britain?
Answer: Legislation aimed at improving working conditions. Regulated child labor, working hours, and safety standards.
Flashcard 17: What was the Luddites' reaction to industrialization?
Answer: They destroyed machines they believed threatened their jobs. Feared unemployment from automation would destroy traditional crafts.
Flashcard 18: What was the purpose of labor unions?
Answer: To advocate for workers' rights and better conditions. Collective bargaining provided workers leverage against factory owners.
Flashcard 19: Identify one health consequence of poor urban conditions.
Answer: Spread of diseases like cholera. Poor sanitation and crowded conditions facilitated disease transmission.
Flashcard 20: Which class emerged and expanded due to industrialization?
Answer: The middle class. Factory owners, managers, and professionals gained wealth and influence.
Flashcard 21: What is mechanization?
Answer: The use of machines to perform work previously done by hand. Replaced human and animal power with steam-driven machinery.
Flashcard 22: What was the impact of the cotton gin on slavery in the U.S.?
Answer: Increased demand for slave labor on cotton plantations. Made cotton cultivation more profitable, expanding plantation system.
Flashcard 23: Who invented the cotton gin?
Answer: Eli Whitney. Created in 1793 to separate cotton fibers from seeds efficiently.
Flashcard 24: What is urbanization?
Answer: The movement of people from rural to urban areas. Driven by factory jobs and improved economic opportunities in cities.
Flashcard 25: Which energy source powered the early factories?
Answer: Coal. Abundant in Britain and provided concentrated energy for steam engines.
Flashcard 26: What was the significance of the steam engine?
Answer: It enabled mechanization and transportation advances. Powered factories, trains, and ships across various industries.
Flashcard 27: What was the impact of the telegraph?
Answer: It revolutionized communication over long distances. Enabled instant messaging across continents for business coordination.
Flashcard 28: What is the Spinning Jenny?
Answer: A multi-spindle spinning frame that increased yarn production. Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 to revolutionize cotton spinning.
Flashcard 29: Identify the main industry that led the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: Textile industry. First to mechanize production with innovations like the spinning jenny.
Flashcard 30: In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Answer: Great Britain. Had abundant coal, capital, and colonial resources to fuel industrialization.