All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Who were the Creoles in the Spanish colonial hierarchy?
Answer: American-born Spaniards. Born in Americas but of Spanish descent, excluded from top positions.
Flashcard 2: Which social class held the most power in Mughal India?
Answer: The nobility and warrior aristocracy. Mughal emperors and their court held supreme authority over diverse populations.
Flashcard 3: Identify the ruling family of the Ottoman Empire during this period.
Answer: The Ottoman dynasty. Ruled for over 600 years until WWI, establishing centralized imperial authority.
Flashcard 4: What was the primary role of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: Elite military group and guards. Christian recruits converted to Islam, serving as sultan's personal army.
Flashcard 5: Which social group was at the top of the Spanish colonial hierarchy?
Answer: Peninsulares. Spanish-born Europeans held highest positions in colonial administration.
Flashcard 6: What role did the mestizos play in the Spanish colonies?
Answer: Mixed European and Indigenous ancestry. Served as intermediaries between Spanish and Indigenous communities.
Flashcard 7: Which group was at the bottom of the social hierarchy in colonial Latin America?
Answer: Indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans. Subjected to forced labor and harsh exploitation under colonial rule.
Flashcard 8: What was the status of the Brahmin caste in Mughal India?
Answer: Priestly and scholarly class. Highest Hindu caste maintained religious authority despite Muslim rule.
Flashcard 9: Who were the daimyo in Tokugawa Japan?
Answer: Powerful landholding samurai. Regional lords who controlled domains under shogun's authority.
Flashcard 10: Which social group did the Qing dynasty favor in China?
Answer: Scholar-gentry. Educated Confucian officials who passed civil service examinations.
Flashcard 11: How did the Manchu rulers maintain power over the Han Chinese?
Answer: Maintained separate Manchu military units. Preserved Manchu identity while ruling the larger Han population.
Flashcard 12: Identify the main social classes of the French society pre-Revolution.
Answer: Clergy, nobility, and commoners. Three estates system with clergy and nobility exempt from taxes.
Flashcard 13: What was the position of the Huguenots in French society?
Answer: French Protestants often persecuted. Faced discrimination and violence, especially after revocation of Edict of Nantes.
Flashcard 14: Which empire was known for its millet system?
Answer: The Ottoman Empire. Allowed religious communities to govern themselves under Islamic law.
Flashcard 15: What was the social hierarchy in the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Answer: Samurai, peasants, artisans, merchants. Based on Confucian values with warriors at top, merchants lowest despite wealth.
Flashcard 16: What was a significant factor in maintaining the Mughal social hierarchy?
Answer: Religious tolerance policies. Akbar's policies promoted harmony among Hindu, Muslim, and other communities.
Flashcard 17: Who were the Zamindars in Mughal India?
Answer: Tax collectors and landholders. Local revenue collectors who became powerful intermediaries between rulers and peasants.
Flashcard 18: What system did the Qing dynasty use to manage ethnic diversity?
Answer: Banner system. Organized military units based on ethnic and tribal affiliations.
Flashcard 19: What was the role of the Samurai under Tokugawa rule?
Answer: Warrior class with administrative duties. Transformed from warriors to bureaucrats during long peace period.
Flashcard 20: What system was used to organize labor in Spanish colonies?
Answer: Encomienda system. Granted Spanish colonists control over Indigenous labor and tribute.
Flashcard 21: Identify the role of the Catholic Church in Spanish colonies.
Answer: Spiritual and administrative authority. Controlled education, morality, and legitimized Spanish colonial rule.
Flashcard 22: Which factor contributed to the social mobility of the merchant class in Europe?
Answer: Commercial revolution and trade expansion. Growing wealth from global trade elevated merchant status in society.
Flashcard 23: What was the primary impact of the Columbian Exchange on social hierarchies?
Answer: Introduction of new crops and diseases. Created new social categories and transformed existing power structures.
Flashcard 24: Identify the main economic activity in the Caribbean colonies.
Answer: Sugar cultivation and export. Plantation system relied heavily on enslaved African labor for production.
Flashcard 25: Identify the primary religion of the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: Islam. Unified diverse empire under Islamic law and Ottoman administrative system.
Flashcard 26: What was the status of women in the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: Limited legal rights and domestic roles. Patriarchal society confined women to household and family responsibilities.
Flashcard 27: Which group was instrumental in the administration of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: The Janissaries. Elite military corps also served as government administrators and officials.
Flashcard 28: What was the significance of the Tokugawa shogunate's isolation policy?
Answer: Limited foreign influence and trade. Sakoku policy preserved social order by preventing external disruption.
Flashcard 29: What was the role of the Jesuits in the Spanish colonies?
Answer: Missionary work and education. Established schools and promoted Catholic conversion among Indigenous peoples.
Flashcard 30: What was the impact of the caste system on Indian society?
Answer: Rigid social stratification. Birth determined social position with limited mobility between castes.