1849–1900
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AP U.S. History › 1849–1900
A PROCLAMATION
Whereas, it has become necessary to call into service not only volunteers but also portions of the militia of the States by draft in order to suppress the insurrection existing in the United States, and disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the ordinary processes of law from hindering this measure and from giving aid and comfort in various ways to the insurrection;
Now, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the existing insurrection and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all Rebels and Insurgents, their aiders and abettors within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts, or guilty of any disloyal practice, affording aid and comfort to Rebels against the authority of United States, shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishment by Courts Martial or Military Commission:
Second. That the Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prisons, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington this twenty fourth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and of the Independence of the United States the 87th.
Abraham Lincoln
Passage adapted from Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Proclamation #94 (1862)
Which of the following statements is not included in Lincoln's proclamation?
All males of fighting age are required to sign up for the draft.
All provisions of Lincoln's proclamation are valid only during the "insurrection."
All persons arrested by a military authority, or confined in a military establishment, during the insurrection lose their Constitutional right to a speedy trial.
Any person deemed "disloyal" to the U.S. government could be arrested.
Martial law was enacted in order to help suppress the insurrection.
Explanation
Although the proclamation discusses the draft and its necessity for suppressing the insurrection, Lincoln does not request troops in this proclamation.
A PROCLAMATION
Whereas, it has become necessary to call into service not only volunteers but also portions of the militia of the States by draft in order to suppress the insurrection existing in the United States, and disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the ordinary processes of law from hindering this measure and from giving aid and comfort in various ways to the insurrection;
Now, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the existing insurrection and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all Rebels and Insurgents, their aiders and abettors within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts, or guilty of any disloyal practice, affording aid and comfort to Rebels against the authority of United States, shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishment by Courts Martial or Military Commission:
Second. That the Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prisons, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington this twenty fourth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and of the Independence of the United States the 87th.
Abraham Lincoln
Passage adapted from Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Proclamation #94 (1862)
Which of the following statements is not included in Lincoln's proclamation?
All males of fighting age are required to sign up for the draft.
All provisions of Lincoln's proclamation are valid only during the "insurrection."
All persons arrested by a military authority, or confined in a military establishment, during the insurrection lose their Constitutional right to a speedy trial.
Any person deemed "disloyal" to the U.S. government could be arrested.
Martial law was enacted in order to help suppress the insurrection.
Explanation
Although the proclamation discusses the draft and its necessity for suppressing the insurrection, Lincoln does not request troops in this proclamation.
The years following the Civil War were times of change in American society and economy. Factories that were built to help supply the Union Army, were converted to peacetime use. Industrialization soon surpassed agriculture as America’s economic core. New technology developed during this time and contributed to the doubling of America’s economy. Industry was controlled by a few individuals holding top level positions and earning vast fortunes. This time in America’s history is called the Gilded Age. The name comes from the title of a novel written by Mark Twain. It refers to the massive fortunes amassed by businessmen and the wealthy lifestyle it supported. The leaders of this new economy were labelled “Captains of Industry,” “Moguls,” and “Robber Barons” because there were few laws at the time to regulate industry and the manner in which these industrialists earned and used their capital. These nicknames accurately represented the harsh, unethical, and exploitative practices of these industrialists. The sky was the limit for these individuals who were ruthless in their business dealings.
What was the reason for the ruthless business tactics of the “Robber Barons”?
Competition was fierce to produce the best product inexpensively priced.
The belief that a healthy business community was the best path to an egalitarian society.
Labor unions were forming and there was a need to be a strong businessman to survive union demands.
To meet the demand of international trade, businessmen had to be strong.
The retail businesses were demanding a share of the profits of the industrial goods they sold.
Explanation
Competition among industries was fierce. Industry and the county were growing rapidly. New inventions were developing that made it easier and faster to produce new goods for the public. The demand for these new goods and the growth of the railroad and oil industries meant that many of these individuals were competing within the same fields. In their minds, it was necessary to take risks and act ruthlessly to maintain their position in industry and society as well as to maintain their wealthy lifestyles. Aside from pure unadulterated greed, this competition inspired the unethical tactics of American Robber Barons, a tradition that continues to this day in the American business community.
The years following the Civil War were times of change in American society and economy. Factories that were built to help supply the Union Army, were converted to peacetime use. Industrialization soon surpassed agriculture as America’s economic core. New technology developed during this time and contributed to the doubling of America’s economy. Industry was controlled by a few individuals holding top level positions and earning vast fortunes. This time in America’s history is called the Gilded Age. The name comes from the title of a novel written by Mark Twain. It refers to the massive fortunes amassed by businessmen and the wealthy lifestyle it supported. The leaders of this new economy were labelled “Captains of Industry,” “Moguls,” and “Robber Barons” because there were few laws at the time to regulate industry and the manner in which these industrialists earned and used their capital. These nicknames accurately represented the harsh, unethical, and exploitative practices of these industrialists. The sky was the limit for these individuals who were ruthless in their business dealings.
What was the reason for the ruthless business tactics of the “Robber Barons”?
Competition was fierce to produce the best product inexpensively priced.
The belief that a healthy business community was the best path to an egalitarian society.
Labor unions were forming and there was a need to be a strong businessman to survive union demands.
To meet the demand of international trade, businessmen had to be strong.
The retail businesses were demanding a share of the profits of the industrial goods they sold.
Explanation
Competition among industries was fierce. Industry and the county were growing rapidly. New inventions were developing that made it easier and faster to produce new goods for the public. The demand for these new goods and the growth of the railroad and oil industries meant that many of these individuals were competing within the same fields. In their minds, it was necessary to take risks and act ruthlessly to maintain their position in industry and society as well as to maintain their wealthy lifestyles. Aside from pure unadulterated greed, this competition inspired the unethical tactics of American Robber Barons, a tradition that continues to this day in the American business community.
"The great common people of this country are slaves, and monopoly is the master. The West and South are bound and prostrate before the manufacturing East..The \[political\] parties lie to us and the political speakers mislead us. We were told two years ago to go to work and raise a big crop, that was all we needed...and what came of it? Eight-cent corn, ten-cent oats, two-cent beef and no price at all for butter and eggs...We want money, land and transportation. We want the abolition of the National Banks, and we want the power to make loans direct from the government. We want the foreclosure system wiped out..."
- Mary E. Lease, lawyer, in an 1890 speech
The ideas expressed in the passage reflect which of the following continuities in U.S. history?
Conflict between agrarian and industrial interests
Conflict between economic freedom and government
Disagreement about the level of corporate influence on the government
Disagreement over federal responsibility for social welfare
Clashes between regional and federal regulation
Explanation
Because of the differences in the economic and political desires of rural farmers who were often in debt and urban manufacturers who competed with international imports, conflicts between agrarian and industrial interests occurred continuously in American history.
"The great common people of this country are slaves, and monopoly is the master. The West and South are bound and prostrate before the manufacturing East..The \[political\] parties lie to us and the political speakers mislead us. We were told two years ago to go to work and raise a big crop, that was all we needed...and what came of it? Eight-cent corn, ten-cent oats, two-cent beef and no price at all for butter and eggs...We want money, land and transportation. We want the abolition of the National Banks, and we want the power to make loans direct from the government. We want the foreclosure system wiped out..."
- Mary E. Lease, lawyer, in an 1890 speech
The ideas expressed in the passage reflect which of the following continuities in U.S. history?
Conflict between agrarian and industrial interests
Conflict between economic freedom and government
Disagreement about the level of corporate influence on the government
Disagreement over federal responsibility for social welfare
Clashes between regional and federal regulation
Explanation
Because of the differences in the economic and political desires of rural farmers who were often in debt and urban manufacturers who competed with international imports, conflicts between agrarian and industrial interests occurred continuously in American history.
I have heard it asserted by some that, as America has flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that, because a child had thrived upon milk, it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true. For I answer roundly that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power taken any notice of her…
Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)
Which of the following historical figures would have been least likely to agree with the ideas expressed by Thomas Paine in the passage above?
Thomas Hutchinson
Patrick Henry
John Paul Jones
Nathanael Greene
John Adams
Explanation
Thomas Hutchinson was a leading Boston merchant from an old American family, who served as governor of Massachusetts. Viewed as pro-British by some citizens of Boston, Hutchinson's house was burned in 1765 by an angry crowd protesting the Crown's policies. In 1774, Hutchinson left America for London where he died in 1780.
John Paul Jones was a Patriot naval hero. Nathanael Greene served as a general of the colonial forces. Patrick Henry was a noted orator and, alongside Thomas Paine, helped bolster popular support for independence. John Adams assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence.
What political viewpoint is this cartoon trying to convey?
The most effective means of defeating the Southern rebellion is the Emancipation Proclamation
It will take as many people as possible to defeat the South
Abraham Lincoln is the least important figure in the war against the South
Jefferson Davis is as strong as a mythical, scary dog
The Emancipation Proclamation is the least likely to end the war against the South
Explanation
"J. Davis" (Jefferson Davis, the leader of the southern "rebellion") is advertised as having the strongest backbone in the world, setting up the challenge for northerners to "break" his backbone, defeat the rebellion, and end the war. Gyascutis is an imaginary beast, but that fact does not matter to the outcome of this cartoon. Various figures in Northern uniforms are shown swinging mallets labeled "skill" and "strategy," which are facets of the Northern approach to the war. Last in line are Abraham Lincoln and another political figure debating whether the draft or the Emancipation Proclamation will be the best way to win the war. We can infer that the artist thinks the Emancipation Proclamation is more likely to be successful because Lincoln is shown wielding an axe, the implement that seems most likely of the bunch to be successful in defeating the big dog.
What political viewpoint is this cartoon trying to convey?
The most effective means of defeating the Southern rebellion is the Emancipation Proclamation
It will take as many people as possible to defeat the South
Abraham Lincoln is the least important figure in the war against the South
Jefferson Davis is as strong as a mythical, scary dog
The Emancipation Proclamation is the least likely to end the war against the South
Explanation
"J. Davis" (Jefferson Davis, the leader of the southern "rebellion") is advertised as having the strongest backbone in the world, setting up the challenge for northerners to "break" his backbone, defeat the rebellion, and end the war. Gyascutis is an imaginary beast, but that fact does not matter to the outcome of this cartoon. Various figures in Northern uniforms are shown swinging mallets labeled "skill" and "strategy," which are facets of the Northern approach to the war. Last in line are Abraham Lincoln and another political figure debating whether the draft or the Emancipation Proclamation will be the best way to win the war. We can infer that the artist thinks the Emancipation Proclamation is more likely to be successful because Lincoln is shown wielding an axe, the implement that seems most likely of the bunch to be successful in defeating the big dog.
I have heard it asserted by some that, as America has flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that, because a child had thrived upon milk, it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true. For I answer roundly that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power taken any notice of her…
Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)
Which of the following historical figures would have been least likely to agree with the ideas expressed by Thomas Paine in the passage above?
Thomas Hutchinson
Patrick Henry
John Paul Jones
Nathanael Greene
John Adams
Explanation
Thomas Hutchinson was a leading Boston merchant from an old American family, who served as governor of Massachusetts. Viewed as pro-British by some citizens of Boston, Hutchinson's house was burned in 1765 by an angry crowd protesting the Crown's policies. In 1774, Hutchinson left America for London where he died in 1780.
John Paul Jones was a Patriot naval hero. Nathanael Greene served as a general of the colonial forces. Patrick Henry was a noted orator and, alongside Thomas Paine, helped bolster popular support for independence. John Adams assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence.