U.S. Political History from Pre-Columbian History to 1789 - AP U.S. History

At the First Continental Congress, only Geogia was not represented, as the colony was hoping for British help with its Native-American population.

James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, is considered the "Father of the Constitution" for his role in drafting it and the Bill of Rights.

On November 11th, 1620, while still aboard the Mayflower, most adult Pilgrim men signed the Mayflower Compact.

The “Power of the Purse” is the name used to describe the power gained by the Houses and representative governments of the New World over the levying of taxes and control over the payment of the Governor. In the Early Colonial Period the Governor often acted as a supervisor, whose mandate came “directly from the crown”. This mandate often allowed the Governor to act unilaterally, and it was only by ensuring control over the finances that the Representative governments could pass laws that benefitted the colony, as opposed to those that benefitted the Governor. It was extremely important for fostering democracy in the New World.

The British government's Proclamation of 1763 forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

The Battle of Saratoga is considered by many historians to be a major turning point in the American War of Independence. During the battle the Continental Army surround their British counterparts and forced its timely surrender. Prior to the battle most European nations had doubted the ability of the colonists to resist the might of the British Empire and had therefore been reluctant to commit troops and naval forces to a lost cause; however, victory at Saratoga finally convinced the French government that the Americans could achieve independence, and they formally entered the war under a Franco-American alliance. The impact that the French armed forces, and its navy in particular, were to have on the war cannot be understated.

In 1676 Nathanial Bacon and several other small farmers rose up against Virginia's governor William Berkley for a number of reasons. Bacon and his posse wanted to fight off the Natives and take their land (something that Berkley was keeping them from doing). Berkley also delegated most of Virginia's farming land to his cronies. Bacon burned Jamestown and ruled Virginia, looting Berkley's cronies' lands until British forces arrived and unseated the uprising. In the end, 23 of the rebels were hanged. Bacon himself died of dysentery shortly after taking over.

Following the Rebellion, the colonial elite, not wanting to have to cede lands to anyone, began to rely more heavily upon slave labor and less so on indentured servants.

Berkley's failure to suppress the uprising showed the British that they would need to have tighter control over the colonies to keep similar rebellions from happening in the future.

John Locke's theories of natural law, articulated in his work Two Treatises of Civil Government (1689), influenced Thomas Jefferson, among others, and consequentially influenced the United States Declaration of Independence. The two treatises consist of a critique of patriarchal, aristocratic governments, and a separate outlining of Locke's own theories about an ideal society based on the principles of social contract theory.

Thomas Paine wrote The Rights of Man (1791), in which he defended the French Revolution. Isaac Newton wrote The Principia (1687), in which he outlined the three universal laws of motion. Adam Ferguson wrote An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), in which he laid out his theories on division of labor. Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), in which he laid out his basic theory of a free market economy. Ferguson and Smith were both Scottish, not English.

These measures were put into place by the First Continental Congress prior to the American Revolution in order to define America’s power with respect to the British government. By this time, aggression had grown between the colonies and Great Britain.

Shay’s rebellion came about after the heavy taxes imposed on farmers and war veterans to pay for the Revolutionary war. The high taxes sparked a rebellion from farmers in eastern Massachusetts but more importantly brought to light the vulnerabilities of the Articles of the Confederation. Under the Articles, the government had little control over states and imposition of taxes and therefor struggled to pay the war debt.

Virginia, first discovered in the middle of the sixteenth century, is the only location Columbus never landed on. An easy way to deduce the correct answer is simple geography. Columbus only visited the Caribbean Islands, and never touched mainland North America. With this in mind, it can be easy to figure out the correct answer by identifying the one non-Caribbean locale, Virginia.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 was designed to codify into law the sections of the United States Constitution that called for a supreme Judicial Branch. The principle of Judicial Review was not established until 1803, in the landmark Marbury vs. Madison case.

The idea of popular sovereignty was extremely important to the fledgling United States. Fearing a return to a monarchic system, the Founding Fathers sought to have the only legitimate source of government power directly derived from the people. The Chief Executive was to be elected by a gathering of electors, who were in turn elected by the people.

Very soon after its inception it became clear to many American politicians that the Articles of Confederation was too weak to serve as an effective guiding document for any efficient government. Amongst other weaknesses, it heavily de-centralized Federal power and placed it largely in the hands of states; it offered no mandates to enforce treaties; there was no chief executive who could serve as a proper head of state; it required nine of thirteen states to ratify any laws and states usually voted in blocks of smaller/larger and northern/southern leading to constant stalemate; no power to regulate commerce between states leading to constant economic chaos and confusion. By 1786 it had become clear that the Articles needed to be reformed, although the Representatives had yet to decide to abandon it all together, as they would a few years later.

Conceived by Roger Sherman and James Wilson, both delegates to the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, the Three-Fifths Compromise established the weight of a state's slave population toward the number of its members to the House of Representatives.

The Second Continental Congress established itself as the primary governing body during the Revolutionary War and began to make all the necessary steps in order that the country should be able to effectively wage war. The Olive Branch petition was roundly refuted by the British, and indeed most Representatives believed it to be little more than a piece of propaganda. Much more important were the dispatches to other European nations requesting economic or even military assistance. One consequence of this was France entering the war on the side of the colonists. The Congress also ratified the Declaration of Independence, but did not ratify the Constitution (that would not happen until 1789). Instead, they proposed an Articles of Confederation, which would serve as the governing document between 1781-1789, the years immediately following war.

Following the culmination of the French-Indian War, also called the Seven-Years War, the French ceded control of all remaining North American continental territory. The Hudson Bay, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland had already been ceded to the British following conflicts earlier in the Century. The French loss control of lands west of the Mississippi to the Spanish as payment for acquired debts and would not gain control of these lands until the conquests of Napoleon.

The Treaty of Paris, which ended the French-Indian Wars, gave the British government control over massive swathes of land in Mid-West America. In an attempt to placate displaced and hostile Native Americans, the British government issued the Proclamation Act of 1763 which forbade any settlement of territory west of the Appalachians.

The Northwest Territory was one of the first territories settled by the United States after independence and posed issues related to how new States would join the Union. With the Northwest Ordinance, Congress created official measures for a territory to gain statehood. The states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin were all created out of the Northwest Territory.

The Incident on King Street is known in America as the Boston Massacre.